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BOOK 

OF 

VETERINARY DOSES 



THERAPEUTIC TERMS 

AND 

PRESCRIPTION WRITING 



BY 

PIERRE A. FISH, D.Sc, D.V.M. 

Professor of Veterinary Physiology 
New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University 



FIFTH EDITION 



THE COMSTOCK PUBLISHING CO., Agents 

ITHACA, N. Y. 

1919 



mi 



Copyright, 1919 
by 

P. A. FISH 






A536981 



PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION 



The desire of the writer to place before the 
veterinary students and profession a convenient 
and ready reference to information concerned 
with dosage, prescription writing, incompatibility 
and antidotes for poisons, etc., has apparently 
been fulfilled by the call for a fifth edition. 

Few changes have been made in the present 
edition. It has been the aim to cover the usual limit 
of dosages and it is believed that beyond a certain 
limit there is seldom a change. Other portions of 
the book concerning prescription writing, incompati- 
bility, therapeutic terms, poisons, etc., deal with 
general and fundamental principles which are not 
frequently susceptible to change. 

Notification of errors of omission or commission 
will be welcome as well as suggestions for improve- 
ment. 

P. A. F. 



(3) 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 

Dosage or Posology 5 

Veterinary Doses 7 

Therapeutic Terms 42 

Termination of Medical Terms 56 

Prescription Writing 60 

Weights and Measures 75 

The Principles of Combining Drugs in a 

Prescription 78 

Examples of Prescriptions 82 

Thermometric Equivalents 91 

Deliquescent and Efflorescent Salts 93 

Latin Words and Phrases with Abbreviations 

and English Equivalents 94 

Incompatibility 102 

Examples of Incompatibility in Prescriptions 128 

Poisons and their Antidotes 136 

Classification of Medicines according to 

their Physiologic Actions 156 

Physiological Points for Practitioners 173 

Pages for Selected Prescriptions 



(4) 



DOSAGE OR POSOLOGY 

The most accurate system of dosage is to adminis- 
ter a given weight of medicine per kilogram or 
pound weight of the animal. Although this 
is frequently done in experimental work, the practice 
is attended with so much inconvenience when 
applied to the routine of the practitioner that the 
system is, for ordinary purposes, regarded as imprac- 
ticable. A more or less arbitrary method is adopted 
by fixing the amount to be given to the different 
animals. Except, perhaps, in the case of powerful 
medicines or poisons, there is considerable latitude 
allowed in the amount of the doses. In veterinary 
practice the dose for the horse is commonly taken 
as the standard and the doses of the other domestic 
animals may be reckoned from this. As for example : 



If the dose for the horse is 


1 (Say 2 ounces) 


the dose for the cow would be 


H ( ". 3 " ) 


Sheep and goat 


\ ( " 3 drams) 


Swine 


\ ( " 2 " ) 


Dog 


jL ( " 1 dram ) 


Cat 


A( " i " ) 



In general the dose for the dog is about the 
same as the human dose, but the size of the dog 
must be considered. Reckoning from the dose 
for the dog or man as the standard; the pig would 
take twice as much, the sheep and goat three 
times as much, the horse sixteen times as much 
and the cow twenty-four times as much. The 
dose for the cat is usually one-half as much as 
for the dog. In many cases the dose for the horse 
and cow would be the same; the higher dose for 
(5) 



the cow is usually recommended on the ground of 
a slower rate of absorption because of the compound 
stomach and a larger mass of food with which the 
medicines mix before absorption may occur. 

In the list of doses which follows, the horse 
and cow have been placed in the same group, 
and the sheep and the swine have been placed 
in a group by themselves. The dose given in 
either case is the average dose, but from the explana- 
tion just given, the dose, in most instances, may 
be increased somewhat for either the cow or the 
sheep. 

In a general way the doses of different prepa- 
rations of drugs for the horse may be given upon 
the following basis. If there is error in this classifi- 
cation, it is upon the safe and conservative side 
of too little rather than too much. Poisons and 
powerful medicines are, of course, an exception. 

Fluidextracts one fluidram 

Powders (not alkaloids) one dram 

Tinctures one fluid ounce 

Hypodermics of alkaloids are given usually at 
one-half the dose by mouth. Intravenous doses 
one-half or two-thirds of the hypodermic dose. 
Rectal doses should be the same as those given 
by the mouth. In the following tables the doses 
are intended for administration by mouth unless 
otherwise stated. 

On account of idiosyncrasy or individual sus- 
ceptibility, it is safer in the case of new or powerful 
drugs, to try the minimum doses first and if the 
physiologic effects are not produced, gradually 
lead up to the maximum doses. 



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42 

THERAPEUTIC TERMS. 



Abluent. A cleansing agent. (Soap and water.) 

Abortifacient. An agent causing premature 
birth of young. (Ergot.) 

Absorbent. An agent causing absorption of 
exudates or diseased tissues. (Iodine, Chalk.) 

Acrid. A sharp, biting substance. (Pepper.) 

Adjuvant. A medicine that assists the action 
of another. (Calomel with Aloes.) 

Aliment. A material which nourishes. (Food.) 

Alkaloid. A term derived from the Arabic 
"Alkali" for Potash. The ending oid is from 
the Greek which means like, hence "Alkaloid" 
is a substance which reacts with litmus like an 
alkali and forms a salt with an acid. The prefix 
in "Alkali" is the Arabic "al" which is the definite 
article, "the," hence "alkali" literally means 
"the Potash." The modern use of the term alka- 
loid, however, has no reference to potash, but 
is used to designate a certain class of active prin- 
ciples obtained from plants. They are organic 
bases containing nitrogen and form salts with acids. 
(Atropine.) 

Alterative. A medicine used to modify nutri- 
tion so as to overcome morbid processes. (Potas- 
sium Iodide.) 

Analgesic. A medicine used to alleviate pain. 
(Opium.) 

Anaphrodisiac. A medicine used to allay 
sexual excitement. (Potassium Bromide.) 

Anesthetic. An agent used to produce insen- 
sibility to pain. (Chloroform.) 



43 



Anhidrotic. An agent which lessens the secre- 
tion of sweat. (Belladonna.) 

Anodyne. An agent which diminishes sensi- 
bility to pain. (Compound Spirit of Ether.) 

Antacid. A medicine used to neutralize acids 
in the stomach and intestines. (Liquor Potassae.) 

Antagonist. A medicine which opposes the 
action of another medicine in the system. (Potas- 
sium Bromide and Strychnine.) 

Anthelmintic. A remedy for destroying or 
expelling worms or to prevent their development. 
(Santonin.) 

Antidote. A substance to counteract poisons. 
(Sulphates in Carbolic Acid poisoning.) 

Anti-emetic. An agent which allays vomiting. 
(Bismuth Subnitrate.) 

Antifebrile. An agent for the reduction of 
fever. (Acetanilid.) 

Antilithic. An agent tending to dissolve or 
cure stone or gravel. (Potassium Citrate.) 

Antiparasitic. A substance that destroys or 
drives away insects. (Essential Oils.) 

Antiperiodic. A medicine which tends to 
prevent the periodic recurrence of disease. (Qui- 
nine.) 

Antiphlogistic. Any medicine or treatment 
which tends to check inflammation. (Aconite.) 

Antipyretic. A medicine to reduce body 
temperatures in fevers. (Salicylic Acid.) 

Antiseptic. An agent antagonizing sepsis or 
putrefaction. (Carbolic Acid.) 

Antispasmodic. A medicine for preventing or 
relieving spasms. (Valerian.) 



44 



Antithermic. An agent for the reduction of 
high temperature. (Antipyrin.) 

Antizymotic. A substance preventing fermen- 
tation. (Salicylic Acid.) 

Aperient. A mild agent for opening the bowels. 
(Rochelle Salts.) 

Aphrodisiac. An agent for stimulating sexual 
power. (Damiana.) 

Aromatic. A medicine possessing a spicy or 
pungent taste and odor, and more or less stimu- 
lating to the mucosa of the alimentary tract. (Car- 
damom.) 

Astringent. A medicine causing contraction 
or constriction of tissues. (Tannin.) 

Auxiliary. A medicine that assists another. 
(Chloral with Potassium Bromide.) 

Bitter. A medicine with a bitter taste stimu- 
lating the gastro-intestinal mucosa without ma- 
terially affecting the general system. (Gentian.) 

Blenorrhagic. A remedy for increasing the 
secretion of mucus. (Balsam Tolu.) 

Blister. An agent, which when applied to 
the skin, causes a local inflammatory exudation 
of serum under the epidermis. (Cantharides.) 

Cachexia. A term used to designate any mor- 
bid tendency, dyscrasia, or depraved condition 
of general nutrition, etc., used particularly in 
connection with scrofula, syphilis, cancer, etc. 

Calefacient. A medicine applied externally 
to produce a sensation of warmth to the part to 
which it is applied. (Mustard.) 

Calm ant. A medicine which lowers func- 
tional activity. (Aconite.) 

Calmative. A medicine which quiets. (Mor- 
phine.) 



45 



Calorifacient. A substance which has the 
power of developing heat in the system. (Fats, 
Cod Liver Oil.) 

Calorific. Same as Calorifacient. 

Cardiac Depressant. A medicine to reduce 
the heart's action. (Veratrine.) 

Cardiac Stimulant. A medicine used to in- 
crease the heart's action. (Digitalis.) 

Carminative. A remedy which allays pain by 
causing the expulsion of flatus from the alimen- 
tary canal. (Asafetida.) 

Cataleptic. An agent causing animals to lose 
power over their muscles. (Cannabis.) 

Catalytic. A medicine counter-acting or de- 
stroying morbid agencies in the blood. (Calomel.) 

Cathartic. A medicine which quickens or 
increases evacuations from the intestines. (Castor 
Oil.) 

Cathartic, Cholagogue. An agent stimulating 
the stool and flow of bile at the same time. (Podo- 
phyllin.) 

Cathartic, Drastic. A medicine producing 
violent action of the bowels with griping pain. 
(Jalap.) 

Cathartic, Hydragogue. A remedy which 
causes copious watery stools. (Elaterium.) 

Cathartic, Saline. Neutral salts of metals 
of the alkalies or alkaline earths which increase 
the stools. (Magnesium Sulphate.) 

Cathartic, Simple. A substance which causes 
one or two actions of the bowels. (Senna.) 

Caustic. An agent used to destroy living 
tissue. (Silver Nitrate.) 



46 



Cautery. A substance used to corrode or 
destroy living tissues. (Nitric Acid.) 

Cautery, Actual. A heated metal or fire 
employed to destroy living flesh. 

Cautery, Potential. A chemical used to 
destroy flesh. (Nitric Acid.) 

Chalybeate. A tonic containing iron. (Tinct- 
ure of Chloride of Iron.) 

Cholagogue. A drug provoking the flow of 
bile. (Podophyllum.) 

Condiment. A substance used to improve the 
savor of food. (Salt, Pepper.) 

Conservative. A substance used for the pres- 
ervation of others. (Honey.) 

Constringent. An agent producing constric- 
tion of organic tissue. (Oak Bark.) 

Convulsant. A medicine causing convulsions. 
(Strychnine.) 

Cordial. A medicine which increases the 
strength and raises the spirits when depressed. 
(Alcohol.) 

Corrective. An agent used to correct or render 
more pleasant the action of other remedies, especi- 
ally purgatives. (Coriander.) 

Corrosive. A substance which disorganizes 
or destroys living tissue. (Nitric Acid.) 

Counter Irritant. A remedy used to produce 
an irritation in one part to relieve a pain in another 
part. (Blister.) 

Cumulative Poison. A poison which finally 
acts with violence after several successive doses 
have been taken with little or no apparent effect. 
(Strychnine.) 

Debilitant. An agent which diminishes the 
energy of organs . ( Lobelia . ) 



47 



Defervescent. An agent to reduce fever. 
(Aconite.) 

Deliriant. A substance which produces de- 
lirium. (Stramomium.) 

Delirifacient, (like deliriant). Tending to 
cause delirium. (Alcohol.) 

Demulcent. A mucilaginous or oily substance 
to sooth and protect irritated mucous membranes. 
(Ulmus.) 

Deobstruent. A medicine to remove func- 
tional obstructions in the system. (Aloes.) 

Deodorant. A substance to conceal or destroy 
foul odors. (Phenol.) 

Deodorizer, (like deodorant) to hide or destroy 
foul odors. (Chlorine.) 

Depilatory. A substance to remove hair. 
(Barium Sulphide.) 

Depletive. A substance to reduce the vital 
power of the system. (Aconite.) 

Depletory. An agent to diminish the quantity 
of liquid in the body. (Potassium Nitrate.) 

Depressant. An agent to lower the vital 
power. (Aconite.) 

Depresso-Motor. A medicine to lessen motor 
activity. (Bromides.) 

Depurant. An agent to cleanse foul sores, 
etc. (Hydrogen Dioxide.) 

Depurative. A medicine to act upon the 
emunctories so as to cause excretion and thereby 
purify the system. (Hot Drinks.) 

Depuratory. An agent to purify the blood, 
etc. (Sulphur.) 

Dermatic. A remedy used in skin diseases. 
(Resorcin.) 



48 



Dermic. A medicine acting through the skin. 
(Liniments.) 

Derivative. An agent to draw the fluids 
from one part of the body to another to lessen or 
relieve a morbid process. (Mustard.) 

Desiccant. A medicine or application for 
drying up sores. (Boric Acid.) 

Desiccative. An application for drying up 
secretions. (Zinc Oxide.) 

Desiccatory. A remedy applied externally 
to dry up the moisture or fluids from a wound. 
(Starch.) 

Desquamatic. A remedy to remove scales 
from the skin or bones. (Potassium Iodide.) 

Detergent. An agent to cleanse wounds and 
ulcers. (Soap and Water.) 

Diaphoretic. A medicine to produce sweating. 
(Pilocarpine.) 

Diarrhetic. A remedy producing profuse stools. 
(Mandrake.) 

Dietetic. A nutritious remedy. (Arrow-Root.) 

Digestant. A substance to aid the solution of 
food in the mouth, stomach, or intestines. (Pepsin, 
Pancreatin.) 

Digestive. A tonic which promotes digestive 
processes. (Quassia.) 

Diluent. A medicine to dilute secretions and 
excretions. (Gamboge.) 

Discutient. A remedy to effect the absorption 
of tumors. 

Disinfectant. A substance with the power 
of destroying disease germs or the noxious properties 
of decaying organic matter. (Formaldehyde.) 



49 



Dissolvent. A remedy promoting solution of 
tissue. (Iodides.) 

Diuretic. A drug to increase the secretion of 
urine. (Buchu.) 

Drastic. An agent to cause violent action of 
the bowels. (Croton Oil.) 

Ecbolic. A drug to produce abortion. (Ergot.) 

Electuary. A composition of soft consistence 
taken internally to allay irritation or alleviate 
disease. (Honey, Molasses.) 

Eliminative. An agent to remove material 
from the body. (Magnesium Sulphate.) 

Emetic. A medicine to produce vomiting. 
(Ipecac.) 

Emmenagogue. A drug to stimulate menstru- 
ation. (Potassium Permanganate.) 

Emollient. A substance used externally to 
mechanically soften and protect tissues. (Flax- 
seed Poultice, Oils.) 

Epispastic. An agent to produce a blister. 
(Strong Ammonia.) 

Errhine. An agent to increase the nasal 
secretions. (Formalin.) 

Escharotic. A substance to destroy tissue. 
(Chromic Acid.) 

Evacuant. A medicine to expel substances 
from the body — chiefly with reference to the in- 
testines. (Aloes.) 

Excitant. An agent to arouse vital activity, 
or to produce increased action in an organism 
or any of its tissues. (Nux Vomica.) 

Exhilarant. An agent to stimulate the mind. 
(Alcohol.) 



50 



Expectorant. A medicine to act upon the 
pulmonary mucous membrane to increase or alter 
its secretions. (Ammonium Chloride.) 

Febrifuge. An agent to decrease fever. 
(Aconite.) 

Galactagogue. A medicine to increase the 
secretion of milk. (Pilocarpine.) 

Germicide. An agent to destroy parasites. 
(Carbolic Acid.) 

Hematinic. A tonic for the blood. (Hemo- 
globin. Iron Preparations.) 

Hemolytic. An agent which impoverishes the 
blood. (Mineral Acids.) 

Hemostatic. A remedy to check bleeding. 
(Iron Subsulphate. Monsell's Powder.) 

Hepatic Depressant or Sedative. A medicine 
to decrease the functions of the liver. (Opium.) 

Hepatic Stimulant. A drug to increase the 
liver's functions. (Nitrohydrochloric Acid.) 

Hydragogue. An agent causing full watery 
discharges from the bowels. (Gamboge.) 

Hydrotic or Hidrotic. An agent to produce 
perspiration. (Spirit Nitrous Ether.) 

Hyperesthetic. Increasing the sensitiveness 
of the skin. 

Hypnotic. A drug producing sleep. (Chloral.) 

Hyposthenic. A debilitating medicine. (Lo- 
belia.) 

Incitant. A remedy to excite functional activity. 
(Strychnine.) 

Insecticide. A remedy to destroy insects. 
(Benzine.) 

Intoxicant. An agent to excite or stupefy. 
(Alcohol.) 



51 



Irritant. A substance causing irritation, pain, 
inflammation and tension, either by mechanical 
or chemical action. (Heat, Mustard.) 

LACTAGOGUE. An agent to increase the secretion 
of milk. (Malt.) 

Laxative. A medicine acting mildly in opening 
or loosening the bowels. (Sulphur.) 

Lenitive. An agent having the quality of 
easing pain or protecting tissues from the action 
of irritants. (Oils.) 

Liquefacient. An agent promoting the liquify- 
ing processes of the system. (Iodine.) 

Lithagogue. An agent to expel calculi from 
bladder or kidney. (Benzoic Acid or Benzoates.) 

Litholytic. An agent to dissolve gravel. 
(Ammonium Benzoate.) 

Lithontriptic. An agent to dissolve gravel. 
(Potassium Carbonate.) 

Local Anesthetic. A medicine to destroy 
sensation, when applied locally. (Cocaine Hy- 
drochloride.) 

Local Astringent. An agent to contract the 
tissues with which it comes in contact. (Lead 
Acetate.) 

Lubricant. An agent to soothe irritation in 
the throat, fauces, etc. (Olive Oil. Honey.) 

Mechanical. An agent acting on a physical 
basis. (Slippery Elm.) 

Medicament. Any agent used for curing 
diseases or wounds. (Belladonna.) 

Medicine. A substance administered in the 
treatment of disease. (Arsenic.) 

Mydriatic. An agent causing dilatation of 
the pupil. (Atropine. Cocaine.) 



52 



Myotic. A drug causing contraction of the 
pupil. (Morphine.) 

Narcotic. A powerful remedy causing stupor. 
(Opium.) 

Nauseant. A substance causing sickness in 
the stomach. (Ipecac.) 

Nephritic. Medicine used in renal diseases. 
(Uva Ursi.) 

Nervine. Medicine to calm the nervous system. 
(Bromides.) 

Neurotic. A medicine acting upon the nervous 
system. (Camphor Monobromide.) 

Nutrient. A substance to build up the wasted 
tissues of the system. (Cod Liver Oil.) 

Nutriment. Any substance which promotes 
growth and repairs the waste of the tissues. (Food.) 

Obtundent. An agent which relieves irritation 
or reduces sensibility. (Opium.) 

Odontalgic. An agent for the relief of toothache 
(Oil of Cloves.) 

Odorant. A substance with a pronounced 
odor. (Musk.) 

Opiate. A medicine causing sleep. (Opium, 
Chloral.) 

Oxytocic. An agent to aid or produce parturi- 
tion. (Ergot. Cotton Root.) 

Oxyuricide. An agent destructive to parasitic 
(Oxyuris) worms. (Santonin.) 

Pabulum. Any material which affords nourish- 
ment to the tissues. (Food.) 

Palliative. A remedy for the relief but not 
necessarily the cure of a disease. (Morphine.) 

Panacea. A remedy pretending to cure all 
diseases. (Some Patent Medicines.) 



53 



Parasiticide. A remedy for the destruction 
of parasites. (Calcium Sulphide.) 

Parturient or Parturifacient. A medicine to 
aid in the birth of the young. (Ustilago.) 

Peristaltic. A drug increasing the movement 
or contraction of the intestines. (Stcry chine.) 

Placebo. An inert substance given to satisfy 
a patient. (Sugar of Milk, Bread Pill.) 

Poison. A substance which in sufficient amount 
is destructive to life. (Prussic Acid.) 

Potential. A remedy which though power- 
ful, is somewhat delayed in its action. (Arsenic.) 

Preservative. An agent to prevent deteriora- 
tion of another substance. (Boric Acid.) 

Preventive. Any measure or agent which 
retards or prevents disease. (Hygiene. Quinine 
as a preventative of malaria.) 

Prophylactic. A medicine to prevent the 
taking or development of disease. (Vaccine.) 

Protective. An agent to protect the part to 
which it is applied. (Collodion.) 

Pungent. An agent sharp and stimulating in 
its action. (Ammonia.) 

Purgative. A medicine to produce increased 
discharges from the bowels. (Aloes.) 

Pustulant. An agent which, when applied 
externally, causes the formation of pus. (Croton 
Oil.) 

Recuperative. A medicine to restore strength. 
(Cod Liver Oil.) 

Refrigerant. An agent which produces the 
sensation of coolness. (Alcohol externally.) 



54 



Relaxant. An agent that relieves contracted 
tissues, muscles, etc. (Chloroform.) 

Remedy. An agent used in the treatment of 
disease. (Medicine.) 

Reparative. A substance to restore debilitated 
tissues. (Food. Tonics.) 

Resolvent. A remedy for the removal of 
hard tumors. (Iodine.) 

Restorative. A medicine for causing a return 
of bodily vigor. (Arsenic. Strychnine.) 

Revllsant or Revulsive. An agent that by 
irritation, draws fluid from a distant diseased 
part. (Cantharides.) 

Rubefacient. An agent causing irritation and 
redness of the skin. (Mustard.) 

Saline. A cooling salt. (Magnesium Sulphate.) 

Sedative. A medicine to decrease functional 
activity. (Potassium Bromide.) 

Septic. An agent that promotes putrefaction. 
(Bacteria.) 

Sialagogue. A medicine that promotes the 
flow of saliva. (Pyrethrum. Pilocarpus.) 

Simple Bitter. A drug with a bitter taste, 
and tonic action. (Calumba. Quassia.) 

Somnifacient. An agent to induce sleep 
(Morphine.) 

Soprofic. A drug causing drowsiness and 
sleep. (Morphine.) 

Sorbefacient. A medicine causing abortion. 
(Ergot.) 

Specific. A remedy supposed to exert a special 
action in the prevention or cure of certain diseases. 
(Quinine in Malaria, Potassium Iodide in Actino- 
ymcosis.) 



55 



Sternutatory. An agent causing sneezing. 
(White Hellebore.) 

Stimulant. A medicine to increase or quicken 
functional activity. (Ammonium Carbonate.) 

Stomachic. A drug to stimulate functional 
activity of the stomach. (Gentian.) 

Stomatic. A medicine used for diseases of 
the mouth. (Potassium Chlorate. Borax.) 

Stupefacient. A drug causing stupefaction. 
(Opium.) 

Styptic. Agents causing contraction of blood 
vessels to check bleeding. (Alum.) 

Succedaneum. A medicine that may be sub- 
stituted for others possessing similar properties. 
(Chloral for Potassium Bromide.) 

Sudorific. A medicine or agent causing in- 
creased sweating. (Jaborandi.) 

Suppurant. A substance causing the formation 
of pus. (Croton Oil.) 

Synergist. A drug which cooperates or assists 
the action of another. (Chloral with Bromides.) 

Taenicide. A remedy for destroying tape 
worms. (Male Fern.) 

Taenifuge. An agent to expel tape worms. 
(Areca Nut.) 

Tetanic. A drug which increases the irrita- 
bility of the cords or muscles producing spasms. 
(Strychnine.) 

Tonic. A medicine promoting nutrition and 
giving tone to the system. (Arsenic.) 

Topic or Topical. An external local remedy. 
(Liniment.) 

Toxic. A poisonous substance. (Phosphorus.) 



56 



Tricophyia. Remedies promoting the growth 
of the hair. (Pilocarpine.) 

Uterine. An agent acting upon the uterus. 
(Ustilago.) 

Vehicle. A substance used as a medium for 
the administration of medicines. (Syrups.) 

Vermicide. An agent to destroy parasitic 
worms. (Creosote.) 

Vermifuge. An agent to expel parasitic worms. 
(Arecoline Hydrobromide. Purgatives.) 

Vesicant. A blistering agent. (Cantharides.) 
. Virus. A poison causing a morbid process or 
disease; a pathogenic organism. (Cowpox. Virus 
of Rabies.) 

Vulnerary. Any remedy or agent for healing 
wounds. (Ointments, etc.) 

Zoiatrica. Veterinary Medicines. 

TERMINATION OF MEDICAL TERMS* 

Ae-re-sis (airesis, a taking of anything.) Ex- 
ample (dia, throughout), Di-a>re-sis, a breach of 
continuity. 

A-gogue (agogos, one who leads), denoting 
substances which expel others. Example, chola- 
gogues (chole, bile), purgatives expelling bile. 

Ag-ra (agra, seizure), denoting seizure or pain, 
generally applied to gout. Ex., Cheir-ag-ra (cheir) 
gout in the hand. Ment-ag-ra (men turn, chin), 
eruption on the chin. 

Al-gi-a (algos, pain.) Ex., Ceph-al-al-gi-a 
(kephale, the head). Neu-ral-gi-a, pain in a nerve. 

Cele (kele, a tumor). Ex., (bonbon, the groin), 
Bu-bon-o-cele, a tumor in the groin. 

*Adapted from Hoblyn's Medical Dictionary. 



57 



Ceph-a-lus (kephale, the head), denoting some 
affection of the head. Ex., A-ceph-a-lus, without 
a head. 

Cra-ni-um (kranion, the skull), denoting the 
head of anything; (olene, the ulna). O-le-cra-non, 
the head of the ulna. 

Dem-ic {demos, a people). En-dem-ic, dis- 
eases in or among, or peculiar to a people. 

En-ter-y (enter a, the bowels), denoting affec- 
tions of the bowels. Ex. (dus. with difficulty) 
Dys-en-ter-y, inflammation of mucous membrane 
of large intestines. 

Fa-ci-ent (fa-ci-o, to make), denoting the pro- 
duction of any particular effect. Ex., Ru-be-fa-ci- 
ent, a substance which makes the body red. 

Form (forma, likeness), denoting resemblance, 
Ex., A-e-ri-form, like air. 

Fuge (fugo, I expel), denoting that which expels. 
Ex., Feb-ri-fuge, a substance which expels fever 

Gen — Gen-e-sis — Gen-ous (genesis, generation), 
denoting production or generation. Ex., Oxygen 
(oxus, acid), generating acid, as was supposed, 
Ex-o-ge-nous, outside growing, applied to plants 
growing by external increase. 

Gnosis (gnosis, knowledge). Ex. (dia, through- 
out). Di-ag-no-sis, distinction of diseases. 

Graph-y (graphe, writing) a description of any- 
thing. Ex., Ad-e-no-graphy, (aden, a gland), 
a description of the glands. 

Hex-i-a (exis, a habit), denoting an habitual 
state. Cac-hex-i-a (kakos, bad), bad state of the 
body. 



58 



Lep-sy (lepsis, a taking), denoting the act of 
taking). Cat-a-lep-sy (kata, thoroughly), a spasmo- 
dic attack of the limbs retaining them in one position 

Lo-gy (logos, an account), denoting a treatise 
on or description of anything. Ex., Os-te-ol-o -gy 
(osteos, a bone), a description of the bones. 

Ly-sis (lusis, a loosening). Ex., A-nal-y-sis, 
the resolution of a compound body into its con- 
stituent parts. 

Ma-ni-a (mania, madness). Ex., Mo-no-ma- 
n-ia (monos, alone), madness on one subject. 

Me-ter (metron, a measure). Ex., Ther-mom- 
e-ter (tkerme, heat), a measurer of heat. 

0-dyne — O-dyn-i-a (odune, pain). Ex., An-o- 
dyne, without pain. 

Oid (eidos, likeness). Ex., Ad-en-oid (aden- 
gland), like a gland. 

Oph-thal-mos (opthalmos, the eye). Xer-oph- 
thal-mi-a (xeros, dry), dryness of the eye. 

O-rex-i-a (orexis, appetite or desire). Ex., 
An-o-rex-i-a, want of appetite. 

Path-i-a — Pathy (pathos, affection). Ex., Ho- 
moe-o-path-y (omoios, similar), the art of curing 
by inducing a similar disease. 

Pep-si-a (pepsis, digestion). Dys-pep-si-a (dus 
with difficulty), difficult digestion. 

Pha-gi-a (phago, to eat). Ex., Dys-pha-gi-a, 
difficulty of swallowing. 

Pho-bi-a (phobos, fear). Ex., Hy-dro-pho-bi-a 
(udor, water), dread of water. 

Pho-ni-a (phone, voice). Ex., A-pho-ni-a, loss 
of voice. 

Pho-rus (phero, I convey). Ex., Phos-phor-us 
(phos, light), conveying light. 



59 

Phy-sis (phusis, nature), denoting production 
or existence. Ex., Sym-phy-sis (sum, with), the 
growing together of bones, as of ossa pubis. 

Ple-gi-a (plege, a stroke). He-mi-ple-gi-a (ITemi- 
sits, half), a paralysis of one side of the body. 

Pnoea {pnoia, breathing). Ex., Dys-pncea, 
difficulty of breathing. 

Ptosis (ptosis, a falling down). 
Pty-sis (ptusis, a spitting). Ex., Hae-mo-pty- 
sis (Haima, blood), a spitting of blood. 

Rha-gi-a (rago, I burst forth). Ex., Haem-or- 
rha-gi-a, a bursting forth of blood. 

Raph-e (raphe, a scam). Ex., Staph-y-lor 
raph-y, a sewing up of fissures of the palate. 
. Rhoea (reo, I flow). Ex., Leu-cor-rhcea (Leukos, 
white) a white discharge. 

Sar-ca or Sar-ci-a (sarx, flesh). Ex., Poly- 
sar-ci-a (polus, much), excess of flesh. 

Scope — Sco-py (skopos, an inspection. Oph- 
thal-mo-seope, an instrument to inspect the eye. 
Stasis (istemi, I stand), denoting a standing 
or position in a place. Ex., Met-a-sta-sis (meta, 
a preposition denoting change from one place 
to another), transference to another part. 

Sto-ma (stoma, the mouth), Di-sto-ma (dis, 
twice), two-mouthed. 

Thesis (thesis, a position). Di-ath-e-sis, (dia, 
throughout.) The condition throughout, consti- 
tutional condition. 

Tome — To-mv (tome, a section). An-at-o-my, 
cutting up a dissection. Ker-a-tome, a knife for 
dividing the cornea. 

To-ni-a — To-nos (ionos, tension). Ex. 



60 



A-to-ma | .,, , , 

. , >■ without tone. 

A-ton-ic ) 

Tro-phy (trophe, nourishment). A-tro-phy, 
defective nutrition. 

U-re-sis — U-RI-A (ouresis, the act of discharging 
urine). Ex., Dys-ur-i-a, difficulty of discharging 
the urine. 

PRESCRIPTION WRITING. 

A prescription may be defined as a written 
order or formula of ingredients, with directions 
to the compounder and instructions for the guidance 
of the patient. The term is derived from the 
Latin prae "before" and scriptum "written." 

It is generally conceded that Latin is the best 
language for prescriptions. It is a dead language 
and therefore not subject to the variations which 
modern languages are continually undergoing. 
It is unchangeable the world over and a prescrip- 
tion written in this country may be put up in a 
foreign country with equal facility. The Latin 
name of a drug is distinctive and as a rule means 
only a given drug and ambiguity is therefore 
avoided; in some of the modern languages a given 
drug may have a variety of names, and in some cases 
the same name is applied to different drugs. Finally 
there is an element of secrecy which is often desirable 
to prevent the patient or general public from 
knowing what has been prescribed and there is 
less likelihood of "self doctoring" or using the 
prescription for some disorder for which it is not 
applicable. 



61 



A true principle of a prescription as based upon 
a maxim of Asclepiades, curare cito, tuto et jucunde, 
is to cure quickly, safely and pleasantly. According 
to this rule the typical prescription should contain, 
in the first place, an ingredient which is expected 
to relieve or cure the patient and is therefore called 
the basis; second, an ingredient designed to assist 
the action of the basis so that it may do its work 
more quickly, designated as the adjuvant; third, 
a substance intended to correct or modify any 
undesirable or injurious effect of the basis or 
adjuvant, or to cause it to act more safely than 
if used alone, and on this account is referred to 
as a corrective; and fourth, a substance may 
be added, which will give such form and consistence 
to the preparation as to make it pleasant and 
at the same time dilute the whole preparation to 
the proper proportion for measuring out the intended 
doses, termed the vehicle. The following table 
will express the idea in a concrete form : 

Curare (Cure) with the (Basis). 
Cito (Quickly) " " (Adjuvant). 

Tuto (Safely) " " (Corrective), 

et 

Jucunde (Pleasantly) " " (Vehicle). 

In Veterinary practice jucunde is generally 
ignored as the patients do not take to the idea 
of medicines pleasantly as a rule, and the prin- 
cipal use of the vehicle is to dilute the ingredients 
to the proper dosage. 

In addition to the ingredients other data are 
given, such as the date, name of patient, direc- 



62 



tions to the compounder and to the patient, and 
the signature of the physician. Taking the pre- 
scription in its entirety it may be divided as fol- 
lows: 
Superscription or heading includes the symbol 

_R {Recipe) the first direction, "take." 
Inscription, the ingredients, or basis, adjuvant, 

corrective and vehicle. 
Subscription, the directions to the compounder. 
Transcription or Signature, the directions to the 
patient and the signature of the prescriber with 
the date. 

In a simple prescription the basis may be the 
only ingredient. In a compound prescription 
(with two or more ingredients), the agents added 
may be neither adjuvant nor corrective and yet 
be a good prescription. It is desirable however, 
to keep the consideration of a "typical" prescrip- 
tion in mind. 

Unusual doses of a powerful drug may be refused 
by the pharmacist unless some indication is made 
that the dose is intended. This is usually done 
by underscoring the dose, or better yet writing 
after it the abbreviation q. r. (Quantum Rectum.) 

Practice makes proficiency in prescription writ- 
ing. The prescription needs study as much as 
any other subject and the student should practise 
the writing of it, independently of any demand, 
simply for the experience. 

To the beginner the following general hints 
from Sollman should be of benefit: "When writ- 
ing a presciiption for a given condition, put down, 
first, the name of the best remedy. Ask yourself 



63 



whether there is any other drug which may be 
employed to aid this. Put this down also. Then 
consider in which form the medicine should be 
administered, whether as liquid, powder, salve, 
etc. This will usually determine which prepara- 
tion of the ingredient is to be employed. Put 
this down also. Then ask yourself what may be 
added to render the mixture agreeable to the 
patient. When this is written down, all the ingredi- 
ents will be represented. Now look over this 
carefully and see that there are no incompatibilities 
and that the constituents are soluble if the mixture 
is to be a liquid. Next insert the endings. Write 
the directions to the dispenser. Now consider 
the doses of the mixture, teaspoonful, tablespoonful, 
etc., the approximate number of doses, and from 
these calculate the size of the mixture. It should 
be considered how many doses are to be taken 
each day (on the basis of sixteen hours a day); 
this, multiplied by the number of days, gives 
approximately the size of the mixture. Then 
write the directions to the patient. Now consider 
how much of each ingredient is to be given at 
each dose, multiply by the number of doses, and 
write down the quantity. This finishes the prescrip- 
tion. Look over the result carefully in the same 
order." 



64 



A tonic prescription for the horse illustrating 
the points referred to may be given as follows: 

Mr. G . Bay Mare, Daisy. 

Superscription, _"R 

Inscription, 

Apoth. Met. 

(Basis) Nucis Vomicae pulv., O ^a 

(Adjuvant) Ferri Sulphatis pulv.. 5 

vj 24 

(Corrective) Aloes Barbadensis pulv., £> 10 

(Vehicle) Syrupi Zingiberis, q. s. 
Subscription. Misce et riant boli sex. 
Transcription or signature. 

Give one ball morning and night. 

Richard Roe, D.V.M., 

Jan. 2, 1905. 148 Second Street. 

The metric system is coming more and more 
into use so that a knowledge of it will in a few 
years be indispensable. The beginner should 
learn to write his prescriptions in both the apothe- 
cary and metric systems. 

The ingredients of a prescription are frequently 
abbreviated and although writing out in full is 
better there is no special objection to the former 
practice if there is no ambiguity in the abbrevia- 
tions. Grievous errors have occurred in this 
way and too much caution cannot be exercised 
in making the meaning clear, so that the most 
ignorant drug clerk may avoid error. 

Numerous examples of ambiguous abbrevia- 
tions might be given, but a few mentioned below 
will serve as examples: 



65 



Avid hyd. may mean either hydrobromic, hydro- 
chloric, hydriodic, or hydrocyanic acid. 
Chlor. may mean chlorine, chloroform, chloral 

hydrate, chlorate or chloride. 
Hydr. Chlor. may mean calomel, corrosive, sub- 
limate, hydrate of chloral, or hydrastin hydro- 
chloride. 

The context may often assist in arriving at 
the correct meaning of the abbreviation but it is 
not safe in all cases to depend upon this. 

A limited knowledge of Latin will serve to enable 
one to write prescriptions properly. The student 
becomes familiar with the Latin names of drugs 
if he has studied his Materia Medica faithfully. 
The principal difficulty that he encounters is 
in making the changes necessary for the correct 
grammatical wording to the dispenser and the 
grammatical ending of the ingredients and their 
quantities. 

The following simple rules taken from Mann, 
will, it is believed, enable one not previously ac- 
quainted with Latin, to write proper prescriptions 
with correct endings. 

Rule I. The noun expressing the name of the 
medicine is put in the genitive case, when the 
quantity of it to be used is expressed. 

'Rule II. If no quantity is expressed, but 
only a numeral adjective follows, the noun is put 
in the accusative. 

Rule III. The quantity is put in the accusative 
case governed by the imperative Recipe. 

Rule IV. Adjectives agree with these nouns 
in gender, number and case. 

For every day practice the accusative of the 



66 



quantity is seldom written out but is usually expres- 
sed by the more convenient symbols. The principal 
difficulty is the formation of the genitive case. 
The following rules (Mann) will assist in overcoming 
the difficulty. They apply only to pharmacopceial 
nouns. 

RULES FOR FORMATION OF GENITIVE CASE. 

I. All nouns ending in a form the genitive in 
os as quinina, quininse. Exception. — Physostig- 
ma, Physostigmatis , Coca is unchanged. Folia 
is plural, Genitive Foliorum. 

II. All nouns ending in us, urn, os. on, form 
the genitive in i as Conium, Conii. Exceptions 
— Rhus, gen. Rhois, Flos, gen. Floris, Erigeron, 
gen. Erigerontis, Fructus, Cornus, Qutrcus, Spiritus, 
do not change. 

III. All other nouns of whatever termination 
make the genitive in s, or is, chloral, gen. chloralis. 
vSome lengthen the termination thus: 

as genitive atis as Acetas, Acetatis. 

is " idis as Anthemis, Anthemidis. 

o " onis as Pepo, Peponis. 

x " cis as Cortex, Corticis. 

There are a few exceptions. Asclepias, gen. 
Asclepiadis; Mas, gen. Maris; Phosphis, Sulphis, 
etc. gen. His; Mucilago, gen. Mucilaginis; Solidago, 
gen. Solidaginis, etc. 

The following words do not change in their 
genitive* Amyl, Azedarach, Berberis, Buchu, 
Cajuputi, Cannabis, Catechu, Condurango, Cor- 

*Those in italics are indeclinable, those in us are of the 
fourth declension; the others are of the third. Apiol and 
Sumbul are given as indeclinable by some authorities. Dungli- 
son gives Apiolum, i; Sumbul, i; Amyl, Amylis is also given. 



67 



nus, Curare, Fructus, Digitalis, Hydrastis, Ja- 
borandi, Kino. Matico, Quercus, Sassafras, Sago, 
Sinapis, Spiritus. 

It is seldom necessary to use the accusative 
of the nouns expressing the ingredients, only 
when the quantity is omitted, and a numeral adjec- 
tive takes its place. 

As before stated, the use of the appropriate 
symbols renders it unnecessary, as a rule, to write 
out in the accusative the words expressing quantity. 
Sometimes, however, it is desirable to do so, and the 
following simple rules for the formation of the accusa- 
tive of these words are appended : 

I. Nouns expressing quantity ending in a, 
are feminine and make the accusative singular 
in am and the plural in as. Example, Drachma, 
ace. sing. Drachmam, pi. Drachmas. 

II. Those ending in um or us make the accusative 
singular in um. The accusative plural of those in 
us is os, and of those in um is a. Those in us are 
masculine, those in um are neuter. 

Congius, ace. sing. Congium, ace. pi. Congios. 
Granum, " " Granum, ace " Grana. 

The adjectives are declined like the nouns. 
The numeral cardinal adjectives are indeclinable 
except unus, duo and tres. 

They are thus declined. 





Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neut( 


Nom. 


unus, 


una, 


unum, 


Gen. 


unius, 


unius, 


unius. 


Ace. 


unum, 


unam, 


unum, 



68 





Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Nom. 


duo, 


duae, 


duo. 


Gen. 


duorum, 


duarum, 


duorum. 


Ace. 


duos, 


duas, 


duo. 


Nom. 


tres, 


tres, 


tria. 


Gen. 


trium, 


trium, 


trium. 


Ace. 


tres, 


tres, 


tria. 



The following is a list of some of the more 
quently used numeral adjectives: 



fre- 



1 


CARDINALS 


ORDINALS 


I 


I Unus 


ist Primus 


2 


II Duo 


2nd Secundus 


3 


III Tres 


3rd Tertius 


4 


IV Quatuor 


4th Quartus 


5 


V Quinque 


5th Quintus 


6 


VI Sex 


6th Sextus 


7 


VII Septem 


7th Septimus 


8 


VIII Octo 


8th Octavus 


9 


IX Novem 


9th Nonus 


IO 


X Decern 


ioth Decimus 


II 


XI Undecim 


nth Undecimus 


12 


XII Duodecim 


1 2th Duodecimus 


13 


XIII Tredecim 


13th Tertius decimus 


14 


XIV Quatuordecim 


14th Quartus decimus 


15 


XV Quindecim 


15 th Quintus decimus 


16 


XVI Sexdecim 


16th Sextus decimus 


17 


XVII Septendecim 


17th Septimus decimus 


18 


XVIII Octodecim 


1 8th Octavus decimus 


19 


XIX Novendecim 


19th Nonus decimus 


20 


XX Vigenti 


20th Vicesimus 


21 


XXI Vigenti unum 


2 ist Vicesimus primus 


22 


XXII Vigenti duo 


22nd Vicesimus secundus 


30 


XXX Triginta 


30th Tricesimus 


40 


XL Quadraginta 


40th Quadragesimus 


50 


L Quinquaginta 


50th Quinquagesimus 


6o 


LX Sexaginta 


60th Sexagesimus 


70 


LXX Septuaginta 


70th Septuagesimus 


8o 


LXXX Octaginta 


80th Octogesimus 


90 


XC Nonaginta 


90th Nonagesimus 


100 


C Centum 


1 ooth Centesimus 



69 



The verbs are nearly all used in the impera- 
tive mood; being addressed to the compounder. 
The following are some of the more common ex- 
amples: Recipe, take; Misce, mix; Signa, mark; 
Divide, divide; Mitte, send; Pone, put; Extende, 
spread, 

A few verbs are, however, in the subjunctive 
mood of mild command, taking the subject referred 
to in the nominative case, e.g., fiat, plural fiant, 
let be made. Detur, plural dentur, let be given. 
sufficiat, may suffice. Repetatur, let it be repeated. 

Only a few prepositions are commonly used; 
they are ad, to; ana (Greek), abbrev. a a, of each; 
cum, with; in, into; ad and in govern the accusative, 
cum, the ablative and ana the genitive cases. 

The following phrases are used: Fiat lotio. 
Let a lotion be made. Dividatur in partes cequales. 
Let it be divided into equal parts. Dentur tales 
doses. Let such doses be given. Quantum sufficiat, 
abbrev. q. s., as much as may suffice. Ne repetatur. 
Do not repeat. 

The following abbreviated prescription may 
be used, when written out in full and rendered 
into Latin, to illustrate many of the points already 
referred to: 

R Powd. Scammony, 9s 



fss 



" Jalap, gr v 

Calomel, gr — 



in 



M. Fiat pulvis purgans. 
The prescription is taken from Pereira and 
Griffiths and when put into Latin would appear 
and be explained as follows : 



h U & g" 

s 3 c 



I 1 1 

tj cu 3 ^ 



cu 



G 
CO 

3 ^ 



« b 5 n 

go rt 8 42 

G 'G "3 

C_> i 3 <5 



a- 43 

G G 
w to 



,— G 

G - 



>: 



of 8 
> P 



o .-^ 



^Bd 



45 'g ^ 

G O x! 



o 

CO 



53 w 



CO CO 



5 o 



— CO § 

^ O _^ 
P. to 



a 

o 



> s 
o -^ 



42 



G 8 £ 



70 

cu oj 






q^ g 



> G £ oo 5 oj 



> G £ w SJ rt 

•£ rt & 42 ^ O 

O 03 P <H T-j 

rV .y 2 43 G ^ 



>> > rt 

S o « 

a3 



■rt ^ 



»J 



42 > 



cu 
W > 

42 
g 



3* 



<U 






cu 



two G 

G fa 



T 
C 


Pi 
o3 


o3 
PI 


* 

si 


CD 



Pi 




3 


0) 






M 


> 


e 






o 
b/o 


'co 


C 


cu 






cu 


o 




h 




pi 


>> 


cu 


cu 


a3 


rt 


^ 


; 9 


CO 


a 


o 


•S 


6 


CJ 


p 




Pi 

a3 


Cut) 

C 


pj 




to 
Pi 




,3 


cu 

> 


> 


"8 


+J 

fl 


'+3 







'3 


bye 


w 


CU 


cu 


cu 

> 




cu 


cu 



pj CU 

^ CU 03 



O . 
















8 42 



S 4 ^o 



Pi cu 



3^ 

"-" o3 cu 
1-1 t/3 r! 
<D cd B 



^ cu 

^ O ° | 



•jr* CU <C 



rt S)43 5S ^ 



^ P! 



> 
o 

43 

rt 

LO 

rt 
cu 
9 3 



cu cu ^ j_T 8 G 

3 < cu " pi •"£ •- 

« ^ a w Q 



CU 



M P 



^ 13 p; G To .§ 

- n g | ■ « | ■•* 

^ O in j; T) U 

cu c cu m G 3j 

> G Ph rt G ^ 



H cu d <y 6jo G 






O ^ .> 






. cu 


1) 


G 


cu 
42 


P< 


05 
H 


o 


G 

G 


^ 


73 


G 


G 



•-g 

o 
o 

+-> 

in 

b 

T3 
G 
P 



71 



w <u £ ^ • ?" 
3 «£ &1£ 



< G o3 



g a . * 

> 

t3 > h 2 w> 

cd -H <4 SI C 



£ 3 

P4 



fl b 



O 






s s 


3 "'" 




3'S 

|_| 


- o > 

CD 5fl *> 




rt 






W Ph 




bfl ^ 


nomma 

gular, 

Agreein 


en 

I 


o ™ 

Oh to 


Sf i 




c a 




o3 3 




w C/2 


'a 

8 03 





i 5 to > a c 



'-*-< i. 
O & 

w 
o 

8 "3 

11 


0) 

> 

'5 
<d 

M 
of 

C/3 


o 

Ih 

M 
G 
'53 


2 


> 

-O 55/1 
'< ^ 

o3 cd 


0) 

CD 0) 

C(J CD 

s ^ 

a 


CD 
> 

-P 
O 


a 



lH 

c 



a 


yi5, factus, sum, 
ve\,fui, fieri. 
Neuter agreeing 




o 
o 

CO 












5 a 


z 
z 

a 


s 

O 
in 
Ih 

CD 

ft 


i c a 




<0 












<U CD 








"-J 
















CD 




11 § 




P$~ 












II -1 


oj 

Ih 
CD 
ft 



a 

CD 
w 


a g> to 


1 



72 



A few drugs in a prescription are usually better 
than many. It is irrational to combine a number 
of agents (shot gun prescription) without especial 
attention to the specific action of each. 

In constructing a prescription, it is first neces- 
sary to decide upon the proper remedial agents; 
then upon the size of the dose and lastly the number 
of doses to be given. The prescription on p. 64 
written out to show these details would be as 
follows : 

Nucis Vomicae, (single dose 3 j X6 = ) 3vj 
Ferri Sulphatis, ( " " 3j X6 = ) 3vj~ 

Aloes Barb., ( " " 5ss X6=) 3nj 

Syrupi Zingiberis, q. s. 

Mix and make into six balls. 

In practice the multiplication of single doses 
is carried out mentally and the product only is 
written down. 

The Roman numerals should always be used 
to designate the quantities; thus: i, ij, iij, iv, 
v, vj, vij, viij, ix, etc. Always dot each i to avoid 
mistakes; the last i is usually made in the form 
of a j to show that it is the last of a series. 

AN EASY METHOD OF WRITING PRESCRIPTIONS IN 
THE METRIC SYSTEM (AFTER LEONARD). 

In a two ounce prescription a single dose, in 
grains or minims, is given in the same figures as 
the total amount of the drug in the prescription 



73 



expressed in grams or cubic centimeters, as for 
example : 

R Fluidextracti Belladonnae Radicis 

(2 minims dose) = 2 cc. 
Potassi Bromidi (8 grains dose) = 8 grams 
Aquae q. s. 2 fluid ounces = 60 cc. 
In a two ounce prescription there would be 
fifteen doses. In a gram or 1 cc. there are ap- 
proximately 15 grains or minims; the basis is 
therefore 15 to 1. In a one ounce mixture there 
would be one half the above amounts; in a four 
ounce prescription there would be twice the above 
amounts. Or the same amounts of the drugs 
may be used in a four, six or eight ounce mixture 
as for the two ounce mixture and the dose corres- 
pondingly doubled, trebled or quadrupled. 

coleman's easy method of writing prescriptions. 

"It may be assumed for the purpose of writing 
prescriptions, that there are fifteen doses of a 
teaspoonful each in a 2 ounce mixture; 30 in 
a 4 ounce mixture; 60 in an 8 ounce mixture. 
Only in the case of dangerous drugs is a more 
accurate estimation necessary. 

In a 4 ounce mixture, then, with a teaspoonful 
dose, each dose will contain 1-30 of the total 
amount of any drug which may be in solution 
or uniform suspension. 

In the case of drugs with a usual dose of about 
5 gr. or m., 1 dram may be taken as the basis of 
calculation. 

If 1 dram of a drug be added to a four ounce 



74 



mixture, each teaspoonful will contain 1-30 of 
a dram, or 2 grains or minims. 

Taking 2, then, as a unit, it is only necessary 
to find the multiple of 2 which will give the desired 
dose and this will represent the number of drams 
to be put into the prescription. 

To take an example, 

*>■. 

Tincturae Opii Camphoratae, (dose 15 m.) 

2X7|=3vij ss 
Salol, (dose 5 gr.) 2X2£ =3ij ss 

Misturae Cretae, q. s. ad 5 iv 

M. et Sig. 

In a 2 ounce mixture, each teaspoonful will 
contain 1-15 of a dram, or 4 gr. or m. 

In an 8 ounce mixture, each teaspoonful will 
contain 1-60 of a gr. or m. 

From the above statements the following rule 
may be formulated: 

Divide 60 (one dram) by the number of doses 
in the prescription and multiply the result by 
the numeral necessary to give the desired dose. 
This numeral will represent the number of drams 
to be used. 

In the case of drugs with a maximum dose. of 
less than a grain, 1 grain instead of 1 dram may 
be taken as the basis of calculation. Thus, if 
one grain be added to a 4 ounce mixture with a 
teaspoonful dose, each dose will contain 1-30 of 
a grain." 

The above methods are applicable especially 
in human and canine practice. 



75 



LEONARD S QUICK WAY OF REDUCING PERCENTAGES. 

Rule I. Call the numerator of the fraction 
one grain. 

Rule II. Double the first figure of the denomi- 
nator and call this ounces. This will then give 
almost mathematically correct reductions. 

Thus: 1 to 1,000 would be 1 grain to 2 ounces; 
I to 2,000 would be one grain to 4 ounces; 1 to 
3,000 would be 1 grain to 6 ounces; 1 to 4,000 
would be 1 grain to 8 ounces ; 1 to 5,000 would be 
I grain to 10 ounces and so on. If you want 1 
to 500, this would be one grain to 1 ounce — there 
being 480 (approximately 500) grains or minims 
to the ounce. One to 100 would be 5 grains to 
1 ounce. 

By committing these two simple rules to memory, 
an instantaneous reduction for any percentage 
mixture can be made to the apothecary's basis." 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

Those most generally used by the physicians 
and pharmacists in the United States are the 
Troy or Apothecaries' Weights, and the Wine 
or Apothecaries' Measures. The Metric System, 
however, has been recognized to such a great 
extent that it has become a necessity for physicians 
to become familiar with it. 

TROY OR APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS. 

Pound Ounce Drachm Scruple Grain 
(Libra) (Undo) (Drachma) (Scrupulum) (Granum) 

lb. 1 



12 = 


96 


= 28S 


= 


5760 


5i = 


8 


= 24 


= 


480 




oi 


3 


= 


60 






3i 


= 


gr. 20 



76 



WINE OR APOTHECARIES MEASURES. 

Gallon Pint Fluidounce Fluidrachm Minim 
(Congius) (Octarius) (Fluiduncia) (Fluidrachma) {Minimum) 

Cong. 1=8 = 128 = 1024 = 61440 

01 = 16 = 128 = 7680 

f5l = 8 = 480 

f5l = M 60 

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHTS. 



Pound 


Ounce 


Grain 


{Libra) 


(Uncia) 


(Granum) 


lb. 1 = 


16 = 


7000 




oz. 1 = 


gr. 437^ 



To avoid misapprehension in the use of the 
apothecary and avoirdupois systems, the sym- 
bols lb., 5, 3, 9, should be consistently used for 
the apothecary and the abbreviation lb., oz., gr., 
for the avoirdupois. The abbreviation for the 
Troy pound is characterized by the cross line 
drawn through the letters lb and should always 
mean twelve ounces, while the avoirdupois pound 
(lb.) stands for sixteen ounces. The symbol 5 
means an apothecaries' ounce of 480 grains, while 
"oz." means an avoirdupois ounce of 437| grains. 
The grain weight is the same for both systems 
and the abbreviation gr. will cause no confusion. 
The grain is therefore the unit in both systems 
and the term is derived from the old system of 
weighing, which required that there should be used 
a "grain of wheat, well dried and gathered out of 
the middle of the ear." The abbreviation gr., 
for grain, should be consistently used in the apothe- 
cary system, gm. for gram, in the metric system. 



77 



In using the metric system of weights the gram 
is ordinarily used as the standard and the other 
subdivisions are reckoned from it. 



METRIC WEIGHTS. 

10 milligrams (mg.) make 1 centigram (eg.) 
10 centigrams make 1 decigram (dg.) 

10 decigrams make 1 gram (gm.) 

1000 grams make 1 kilogram (kilo). 

METRIC MEASURES. 

1000 Cubic centimeters (cc.) (Milliliters) make 
1 liter (L.) 

1 Gram equals the weight of 1 cc. of distilled 
water at a temperature of 4° C. 



TABLE OF APPROXIMATELY 

1 milligram .001 
1 centigram .01 
1 decigram .1 
1 gram 

4 grams ( 3.9 gm.) 

30 grams ( 31.1 gm.) 

500 grams (453.6 gm.) 

1 kilogram 
1-64 grain = 1 milligram 
1-6 grain = 1 centrigram 
1 grain 
15.43 grains 

1 dram (apoth.) 
1 ounce (apoth.) 
1 minim 
16 minims 
1 fluidram 
1 fluidounce 



EQUIVALENT WEIGHTS. 

= 1-64 grain 
= 1-6 grain 



= \V 



grains 



(av.) 



= 15)4 grains 
= 1 dram 
= 1 ounce 
= 1 pound v 
= 2 1-5 pounds (av.) 
= .001 gram 
= .01 gram 
= .065 gram 
= 1 . gram 
= 3.90 grams 
= 31.1 grams 
= .061 cc. 
=1. cci 
= 3.75 cc. 
= 30. cc. 



78 



1 cc. =16 minims 

4 cc. (3.7 cc.) =1 fluidram 

30 cc. = 1 fluidounce 

To convert grains into centigrams, multiply 
by 6.5. Thus 3 grains mutliplied by 6.5 equals 
19.5 centrigrams, or 10 grains equals 65 centi- 
grams or .65 gram. To convert centigrams into 
grains divide by 6.5. Thus 26 centigrams divided 
by 6.5 equals 4 grains. 

DOMESTIC MEASURES. 

A drop, gutta, (gtt.) is usually reckoned at about 
one minim. 

A tea-spoonful is about one fluidram. 

A table-spoonful is about one-half fluidounce. 

A wine-glassful is about two fluidounces. 

A tea-cupful is about five fluidounces. 

A breakfast-cupful is about eight fluidounces. 

A tumblerful is about eight fluidounces. 

Domestic measures vary considerably. There 
may be from 50 to 150 drops in a fluidram, a tea- 
spoon generally holds more than one dram, even 
as much as 2 drams or more. Cups and glasses 
also vary widely. 

THE PRINCIPLES OF COMBINING DRUGS 
IN A PRESCRIPTION. 

Although the tendency in modern therapeutics 
is toward simplicity rather than complexity in 
prescriptions, one may go to the extreme even in 
this direction. There is no doubt but that in 
very many cases a judicious combination of drugs 
will produce effects of a beneficial character which 
might be sought in vain from the use of a single 



remedy. A "shot gun" prescription, containing 
a great number of remedies introduced with the 
idea that by some lucky chance one or more of the 
ingredients may hit the disorder, is thoroughly 
unscientific and not to be encouraged. 

The rational combination of drugs was, perhaps 
first discussed fully by Dr. John Ayrton, Paris 
(Paris Pharmacologia, 1822). His treatment of 
the question has been so clear and exhaustive, 
that there has been but little room for improvement. 
The following paragraphs are based principally 
upon his work: 

1. The Action of a Medicine May be Aug- 
mented (Adjuvant Action). 

(a) By combining different forms of the same 
substance. An infusion is strengthened by the 
addition of the fluid extract or tincture of the 
same drug, in cases where all the active principles 
are not soluble in the same vehicle. Digitalis 
may be taken as an example, all of its active prin- 
ciples are not soluble in water. 

(b) By combining the medicine with others 
which produce similar effects. A rule enunciated 
by Dr. Fordyce is to the effect that combination 
of similar remedies will produce a more certain, 
speedy, and considerable effect than an equivalent 
dose of any single one. A combination of chloral 
and bromide potassium is more certain for hypnotic 
effects than either one alone. From the standpoint 
of purgation the same would be true of a combina- 
tion of aloes and calomel, or as an emetic a mixture 
of ipecac and tartar emetic is more reliable for its 
effects than either drug singly. 



80 



(c) By combining with the basis substances 
of a different nature which can, in some unknown 
manner enhance its action. The diuretic effect of 
squill is increased by calomel, and ipecac assists 
in the purgative action of jalap. 

II. The Action of a Medicine May be Modi- 
fied (Corrective Action) in Order to Overcome 
Unpleasant Effects. The griping tendency of 
purgatives may be corrected by combination 
with aromatics or essential oils. Acrid substances 
may be more or less overcome by triturating with 
mucilage. The constipating effect of iron may be 
overcome by the addition of aloes. See prescription 
p. 64. 

III. To Obtain the Combined or Joint 
Action of Two or More Medicines. 

(a) Upon the same tissue. Purgative medi- 
cines will serve as an illustration. Some act by 
increasing peristalsis, others by augmenting the 
secretion of the intestines, as in the case of eserine 
and pilocarpine. The combination of podophyllum 
with calomel, for their joint action upon the liver, 
may be cited as another example. 

(b) Upon different tissues or to combat different 
symptoms. Probably the greatest number of 
prescriptions will come under this head. The desire 
to combat a number of different symptoms should 
not lead to excess in the combination of drugs. 
A well directed rifle ball will have a greater effect 
than a charge from a shot gun where only a few of 
the shot hit the mark. Some prescriptions have 
been reported which contained as many as 400 



SI 



ingredients. The more complicated a prescription, 
the greater are the chances for failure. 

The symptoms of fever with cough may be 
treated with small doses of ipecac as a sedative 
expectorant, tincture of aconite to quiet the cir- 
culation and allay the fever, with potassium bromide 
to alleviate excessive coughing. Other cases will 
readily suggest themselves. It may be desirable, 
in a given instance to stimulate the heart with one 
drug and the kidney or bowels with others. 

IV. To Form New Compounds the Effects 
of Which Differ From any of the Individual 
Constituents. Dover's Powder is a good illus- 
tration. This preparation has marked diaphor- 
etic properties, while neither of its constituents, 
opium or ipecac, when taken separately exert 
any powerful action upon the skin. "White 
Lotion" made by dissolving lead acetate and 
zinc sulphate in water; "Black Lotion" by add- 
ing calomel to a solution of lime and "Yellow 
Lotion" by adding corrosive sublimate to a solution 
of lime, are also examples. 

V. To Afford a Convenient and Agreeable 
Form of Administration. Solids, such as pills, 
capsules and powders are oftentimes to be pre- 
ferred. Liquid preparations are sometimes more 
desirable and they have the advantage of being 
more readily absorbed. The main thing, of course, 
is that the patient should get the proper remedy 
indicated by the symptoms; but, at the same 
time, it is the duty of the prescriber to see that it 
is no more obnoxious than need be. This fact 
is sometimes lost sight of in veterinary practice, 



82 



where the animal may be compelled to take the 
medicine, but nothing is lost to the patient or 
prescriber, if the medicine is prepared in as palatable 
a form as possible without sacrificing anything of 
its pharmacologic action. 

Due care should be exercised in selecting a 
vehicle which has little or no medicinal action 
of its own, or if it has that it will assist or correct 
the action of the medicines prescribed, and, if 
practicable, one in which the other ingredients 
are soluble. 

The taste of many bitter substances like quinine, 
and salty drugs like ammonium chloride, may 
be made more agreeable by the addition of any 
of the preparations of glycyrrhiza. Caustic or 
irritating medicines, whether liquid or solid, must 
be well diluted before being swallowed. 

EXAMPLES OF PRESCRIPTIONS. 

The following graded scheme for the beginner 
in prescription writing may be employed: 1st, 
a prescription written out in Latin is translated 
into English with the quantities of the ingredients 
expressed in both the apothecaries and metric 
systems. 2d. An abbreviated prescription is writ- 
ten out in English, apothecaries and metric. 3d. 
An abbreviated prescription is written out in Latin ; 
apothecaries and metric. 4th. After a student 
has studied therapeutics a card is given him bearing 
the name of a disease, with the basis or principal 
remedy indicated from which he is to construct a 
compound prescription suitable for the disease 
mentioned. 



83 



The following prescriptions are given as illus- 
trations of the scheme and serve merely as an 
outline of the way in which the work may be carried 
on. The instructor can prepare any number of pre- 
scriptions under each grade for the student's exercises. 

The various symbols, unusual endings and 
combinations may be included in such prescriptions 
for purposes of instruction. 

1^ LATIN INTO ENGLISH. 

Plumbi Acetatis, unciam 

Zinci Sulphatis, drachmas sex 

Aquae, ad Octarium. 

Misce. 

Signa. Fiat lotio alba. 
Take 

of Lead Acetate, one ounce 30 

of Zinc Sulphate, six drachms 24 

of Water, to one pint 480 

Mix 

Signature. Let a white lotion be made. 
f^ (For horse) 

Aloes, drachmas quatuor 

Fluidextracti Bella 

donnae Radicis, semidrachmam, 

Zingiberis pulveris, drachmam cum semisse. 

Theriacae, quantum sufficit. 

Misce. 

Signa. Fiat Bolus. 
Take 

of Aloes, four drachms 15 

of Fluidextract of Bel- 
ladonna Root, half dram 2 

of Powdered Ginger, one and a half drams 6 



84 



(Take) 
of Molasses, as much as suffices 

(sufficient quantity) 
Mix. 
Signature. Let a bolus be made. 



3 



(For dog) 
unciae semissem 
unciam cum semisse 
unum 
uncias quatuordecim 



Olei Terebinthinae 

Olei Ricini, 

Ovum, 

Aquae Ferventis, 

Misce et fiat enema. 

Take 

of Oil of Turpentine, 

of Castor Oil, 

one Egg, 
of hot water, 
Mix and let be made into an enema. 



half of one ounce 

one and a half ounces 45 

fourteen ounces 



1$ 



Vitellum Ovi, 
Olei Morrhuae, 
Spiritus Frumenti, 
Acidi Phosphorici Di- 

luti, 
Syrupi, 
Aquae Cinnamoni, quan- 
tum sufficiat ad uncias octo 
Misce et fiat emulsio. 



unius 

uncias duas 
unciam cum semisse 

drachmas tres 
drachmas quinque 



Take 

Yolk of one egg. 



85 



(Take) 




of Cod Liver Oil, 


two ounces 60 


of Whiskey, 


one and a half ounces 45 


of Dilute Phosphoric 




Acid, 


three drams 12 


of Syrup, 


five drams 20 



of Cinnamon Water, as much as may suffice 
to make (eight) ounces 240 

Mix and let an emulsion be made. 
1^ (For Dog) 

Morphinae Sulphatis, granum 

Camphorae, 

Pulveris Glycyrrhizae, 

Sacchari Lactis, ana grana decern 

Misce. Divide in chartulas sex. 
Take 



of Morphine Sulphate, one grain 

of Camphor, 

of Powdered Liquorice Root, 

of Sugar of Milk, of each ten grains 

Mix. Divide into six powders. 

3 



065 



Pepsinae, 


drachmas duas 




Vini albi, 


uncias septem 


Syrupi, 


unciam dimidiam 


Fluidextracti Zingi- 




beris, 


guttas octo 


Misce. Fiat Elixir 




a,ke 

of Pepsin, 


two drams 8 




of White Wine, 


seven ounces 210 




of Syrup, 


half an ounce 15 




of Fluidextract of 






Ginger, 


eight drops 


5 



Mix. Let an Elixir be made. 



n 



86 



Extracti Nucis Vomi- 
cae, 
Pulveris Scammonii, 
Pulveris Aloes, 
Pulveris Rhei, ana 
Alcoholis, 



gram semissem 
granum 



gram tres quartas 
quantum sufficit. 



Misce 
Take 

of Extract of Nux 

Vomica, 
of Powdered Scam- 

mony, 
of Powdered Aloes, 
of Powdered Rhubarb 

of each 



Fac pilulas tales duodecim. 



half of a grain 



one gram 



partes 



032 



005 



three-fourths parts 
of a grain 048 

of Alcohol, as much as suffices. 
Mix. Make twelve such pills. 
Examples of abbreviated prescriptions writ- 
ten out in English in the Apothecary and 
Metric Systems. 

Ac. Carbol., 

Liq. Iodi. Comp. a a m xv 

Aq. Chloroformi, q. s. on 

M. 
Take 

Carbolic Acid, 

Compound Solution of 

Iodine, of each 15 mimims 1 

Chloroform Water, suffi- 
cient quantity to (make) 2 ounces 60 

Mix. 



I* 



87 



Ac. Sulph. Arom. 
Tr. Opii., 

Spts. Camph., 
M. 



VI 



Take 

Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, 

Tincture of Opium, 

Spirits of Camphor, of each 6 ounces 

Mix. 



180 



3 



Quin. Sulph., 


3T 






Pulv. Belladon. Fol., 


317 






Sod. Salicyl., 








Pulv. Cimicif., a a 


5 nj 






M. 








Ft. pulv. No. XII. 








ike 

Quinine Sulphate, 




1 ounce 


30 


Powdered Belladonna Leaves, 


2 ounces 


60 


Sodium Salicylate, 








Powdered Cimicifuga, 


of each 


3 ounces 


90 


Mix. Make into 12 powders. 







Examples of Abbreviated Prescriptions 
Written out in Latin in the Apothecary and 
Metric Systems. 



H 



I* 



Quin. Sulph., 


ST 




F. E. Nuc. Vom., 


3T 




Tr. Capsic, 


S iij 




Ac. Muriat. Dil., 


5 IVSS 




M. 






Quininae Sulphatis, 


unciam 


30 


Fluidextracti Nucis 






Vomicae, 


unciam 


30 


Tincturae Capsici, 


uncias tres 


90 



Acidi Muriatici Diluti, uncias quatuor 

cum semisse 
Misce. 



n 



Pot. Acet., 

Tr. Digital., 

Spts. Ether. Nit. 

Aquae, 
M. 



317 
3 x 

q. s. 0~ 



1} 



Potassii Acetatis, uncias duas 

Tincturae Digitalis, drachmas decern 

Spiritus Etheris Nitrosi uncias quinque 
Aquae, quantum sufficit Octarium 



135 



60 

40 

150 

480 



Quin. Sulph. 5 j 

Pulv. Opii. 5 ij 

Pulv. Ammon. Carb. 5 ij 

Pulv. Camph. 5 J 

M. Make 12 powders. 

Quininae Sulphatis, unciam 30 

Pulveris Opii, drachmas duas 8 
Pulveris Ammonii Car- 

bonatis, uncias duas 60 

Pulveris Camphorae, unciam 30 
Misce. Fiant pulveres numero duodecim. 

The next step in the series is the construction 
of the prescription according to its indication 
for a given disorder, the basis being mentioned 
and allowing the student to fill in the other in- 
gredients. The writer has found the following 
list serviceable in this connection, due regard 
being given to incompatibility, form, case endings, 
etc. The prescriptions may be written out in 
the ordinary abbreviated form or in Latin in the 
Apothecary or Metric systems. Any variety 
of subjects or combinations are available and 
excellent drill is furnished to the student. 



90 



Indication. 
Gastric Tonic. 
Diuretic. 
Cardiac Tonic. 
Influenza. 
Irritable Stomach. 
Skin Disease. 
Blister. 

Hepatic Congestion. 
Purgative. 
Diaphoresis. 
Sedative. 
Cathartic. 
Anodyne Liniment. 
Round Worms. 
Fever. 
Mange. 
Cough. 
Rickets. 
Purgative. 
Flat Worms. 
Indigestion. 
Diarrhoea. 
Anemia. 
Rheumatism. 
Edema. 

Diabetes Insipidus. 
Catarrhal Fever. 
General Tonic. 
Counter Irritant. 
Intestinal Antiseptic. 
Chorea. 



Basis, 

Gentian. 

Potassium Nitrate. 

Digitalis. 

Tr. Nux. Vomica. 

Bismuth. 

Fowler's Solution. 

Cantharides. 

Sodium Sulphate. 

Barium Chloride. 

Tr. Arnica Root. 

Chloral. 

Eserine Sulphate. 

Tr. Aconite. 

Santonin. 

Acetanilid. 

Sulphur. 

Belladonna. 

Oleum Phosphoratum. 

Aloes. 

Male Fern. 

Pepsin. 

Tr. Opium. 

Iron Sulphate. 

Sodium Salicylate. 

Potassium Acetate. 

Iodine. 

Quinine. 

Nux Vomica. 

Aqua Ammonia. 

Salol. 

Arsenic. 



91 



TABLE OF THERMOMETRIC EQUIVALENTS 

FAHRENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE SCALES 

To reduce Centigrade, degrees to those of Fahrenheit 
Multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32 
To reduce Fahrenheit degrees to those of Centigrade scale 
Subtract 3 2, [multiply by 5, and divided by 9 



TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS 



"Centi- 
grade. 


"Fahren- 
heit. 


"Centi- 
grade. 


"Fahren- 
heit. 


"Centi- 
grade. 


"Fahren- 
heit. 


—25 


—13. 





32. 


25 


77. 


—24 


—11.2 


1 


33.8 


26 


78.8 


—23 


—9.4 


2 


35.6 


27 


80.6 


—22 


—7.6 


3 


37.4 


28 


82.4 


—21 


—5.8 


4 


39.2 


29 


84.2 


—20 


—4. 


5 


41. 


30 


86. 


—19 


—2.2 


6 


42.8 


31 


87.8 


—18 


—0.4 


7 


44.6 


32 


89.6 


—17 


1.4 


8 


46.4 


33 


91.4 


—16 


3.2 


9 


48.2 


34 


93.2 


—15 


5. 


10 


50. 


35 


95. 


—14 


6.8 


11 


51.8 


36 


*96.8 


—13 


8.6 


12 


53.6 


37 


98.6 


—12 


10.4 


13 


55.4 


38 


100.4 


—11 


12.2 


14 


57.2 


39 


102.2 


—10 


14. 


15 


59. 


40 


104. 


—9 


15.8 


16 


60.8 


41 


105.8 


—8 


17.6 


17 


62.6 


42 


107.6 


—7 


19.4 


18 


64.4 


43 


109.4 


—6 


21.2 


19 


66.2 


44 


111.2 


—5 


23. 


20 


68. 


45 


113. 


—4 


24.8 


21 


69.8 


46 


114.8 


—3 


26.6 


22 


71.6 


47 


116.6 


—2 


28.4 


23 


73.4 


48 


118.4 


— 1 


30.2 


24 


75.2 


49 


120.2 



92 



Centi- 
grade. 


Fahren- 
heit. 


Centi- 
grade. 


Fahren- 
heit. 


Centi- 
grade. 


Fahren- 
heit. 


50 


122. 


73 


163.4 


96 


204.8 


51 


123.8 


74 


165.2 


97 


206.6 


52 


125.6 


75 


167. 


98 


208.4 


53 


127.4 


76 


168.8 


99 


210.2 


54 


129.2 


77 


170.6 


100 


212 


55 


131. 


78 


172.4 


101 


213.8 


56 


132.8 


79 


174.2 


102 


215.6 


57 


134.6 


80 


176. 


103 


217.4 


58 


136.4 


81 


177.8 


104 


219.2 


59 


138.2 


82 


179.6 


105 


221. 


60 


140. 


83 


181.4 


106 


222.8 


61 


141.8 


84 


183.2 


107 


224.6 


62 


143.6 


85 


185. 


108 


226.4 


63 


145.4 


86 


186.8 


109 


228.2 


64 


147.2 


87 


188.6 


110 


230. 


65 


149. 


88 


190.4 


111 


231.8 


66 


150.8 


89 


192.2 


112 


233.6 


67 


152.6 


90 


194. 


113 


235.4 


68 


154.4 


91 


195.8 


114 


237.2 


69 


156.2 


92 


197.6 


115 


239. 


70 


158. 


93 


199.4 


116 


240.8 


71 


159.8 


94 


201.2 


117 


242.6 


72 


161.6 


95 


203. 


118 


244.4 



93 



list of official deliquescent 

EFFLORESCENT SALTS 

Alumen (slightly) 
Ammonii Carbonas 

Phosphas 
Antim. et Potass. Tar- 

tras (slightly). 
Cupri Acetas 

Sulphas 
Magnesii Sulphas 

(slightly) 
Potassii et Sodii Tartras 

(slightly) 
Ferrocyanidum 

(slightly) 
Quininae Bisulphas 

Sulphas (after a time) 
Soda (caustic) 
Sodii Acetas 

Arsenas (slightly) 

Benzoas 
Boras (slightly) 

Carbonas 

Hyposulphis 

Phosphas 
Santoninas (slightly) 

Sulphas 

Sulphis 
Strychninae Sulphas 
Zinci Acetas 

Sulphas 
For the various symbols, Latin words and phrases 
with their abbreviations see the following pages. 



The following is a 
and efflorescent salts: 

DELIQUESCENT SALTS 

Ammonii Iodidum 

Nitras 

Valerianas 
Auri Chloridum 
Calcii Chloridum 
Lithii Citras 

Bromidum 

Salicylas 
Magnesia Citras 
Potassa (caustic) 

Cum Calce 
Potassii Acetas 

Carbonas 

Citras 

Cyanidum 

Hypophosphis 

Sulphis 

Tartras 
Quinolin salts (except 

the Tartrate) 
Sodii Hypophosphis 

Iodidum 
Zinci Bromidum 

Chloridum 

Iodidum 



94 



LATIN WORDS AND PHRASES WITH THEIR ABBRE- 
VIATIONS \\i) ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. 

Wc i ids or Phrases Contractions E">:- Equivalents 

Abdomen \l>d The belly. 

Ad Ad To, or up to. 

Adde Add Add. 

Addantur Add Let(them) be added. 

Addenda Add To be added. 

Addendo Add By adding. 

Adhibendus Adhib To be administered. 

Adjacens Adjac Adjacent. 

Ad libitum Ad lib At pleasure. 

Admove Admbv. . . .Apply. 

Admoveatur Admov. . . .Let (it) be applied. 

Adversum Vdv Against 

. Uiquot Alicj Some. 

Alter Alt The other. 

A /term's horis . . . .Alt. hor. . . . Every other hour. 

Amplus Amp Large. 

Ampulla Ampul A large bottle. 

.1 >!(i A. or aa. . . .Of each. 

Aqua Aq Water. 

Aqua bulliens . . . .Aq. bull. . .Boiling water. 
Aqua communis . .Aq. com. 

Aqua fervens Aq. ferv. 

Aqua fluvial His . . Aq. Iluv. 

Aqua foutalis Aq. font. 

. [qua marina . . . .Aq. mar. 

. 1 qua nivalis Aq. niv. 

Aqua pluvialis . . .Aq. pluv. 

A ni Aut. . 

Balneum vapor is . B. V. . . . 



Balsam urn Bals 

Bene 

Bibe 

Biduum 

Bis 

Bis in die, or dies 



Common water 
. . Hot water. 
. .River water. 
. Spring water. 
. . Sea water. 
. .SnOW Water. 

.Rain water. 
. Or. 
. . Vapor hath. 



Balsam. 
Bene. ..Well 

Bib Drink (thou) 

Bid Two davs. 

Bis Twice. 

Bis. die . . . .Twice a day. 

Bolus . . .Bol A large pill. 

Bulliat or Bulliant. Bull Lei boil. 

Butyrum But Butter. 

Ca-r ulcus Coerul Blue. 



95 



Calef actus Calef Warmed. 

Cape Cap Take (thou). 

Capiat Cap Let him take. 

Capsula Capsul A capsule. 

Caute Caute Cautiously. 

Charta Chart Paper. 

Chartula Chartul. . . .A small paper. 

Cibus Cib Food. 

Cochlear or Coch- 
leare Coch A spoonful. 

Cochleare amplum Coch. amp. .A dessertspoonful. 

Cochleare magnum Coch. mag. A tablespoonful. 

Cochlear parvum . .Coch. parv. A teaspoonful. 

Cola Col Strain. 

Colatus Colat Strained. 

Collutorium Collut A mouth wash. 

Collyrium Collyr An eye wash. 

Coloretur Let it be colored. 

Compositus Comp Compounded. 

Concisus Concis Cut. 

Congius Cong A Gallon. 

Conserva Cons A conserve, also, 

Keep (thou). 

Contusus . . Contus. . . . Bruised. 

Cor, Cordis Cor The heart. 

Cortax, corticis .... Cort The bark. 

Coxa Cox The hip. 

Cras, crastinus . . . Crast To-morrow. 

Cujus, cujus-libet .Cuj Of which, of any. 

Cum C With. 

Cyalhus, vel Cya- 

thus vinarius . . .Cyath, C.vin A wine-glass, 
ar 

Da, detur D., det. . . .Give, let be given. 

De De Of or from. 

Debitus Deb Due, proper. 

Decanta Dec Pour off. 

Decern, decimus . . Decern Ten, the tenth. 

Decoctum Decoct. . . . A decoction. 

Decubitus Decub Lying down. 

De die in diem . . . De d. in d . . From day to day. 

Dein vel Deinde . . Dein Thereupon. 



96 



Deglutiatur Deglut Let be swallowed. 

Dentur tales doses Let 4 such doses be 

No, iv D.t.d. No iv. given. 

Dexter, Dextra . . . Dext The right. 

Diebis alternis . . . Dieb. alt. . . Every other day. 
Dilue, Dilutus . . . Dil Dilute (thou), Di- 
luted. 

Dimidius Dim One-half. 

Dividatur in par- Let it be divided 

tes a? quotes .... D. in p. aeq. into equal parts. 

Dividendus-a-um . . Divid To be divided. 

Dolor Dolor Pain. 

Donee Donee Until. 

Dosis D A dose. 

Drachma Dr. or 5 • • • A dram (60 grains). 

Eadem (fern.) . . ..Ead The same. 

Ejusdem Ejusd Of the same. 

Electuarium .... .Elect. .... .An electuary. 

Emesis '. Emesis .... Vomiting. 

Enema En A clyster or enema. 

Et Et And. 

Extende Ext Spread. 

Ex tr actum Extr An extract. 

Extrahe Extrahe. . . .Extract thou. 

Fac F Make. 

Fac pilulas duo- 

decim F. pil. XII .Make twelve pills. 

Farina Flour. 

Febris Febr Fever. 

Fervens Ferv Boiling. 

Fiat Ft Let be made (sing). 

Fiant Ft Let be made (plu.). 

Filtra Filtra Filter (thou). 

Fluidus Fluid., Fl. . Liquid. 

Formula A prescription. 

Gargarysma Garg A gargle. 

Gradation Grad By degrees, gradu- 
ally. 

Granum, Grana . .Gr Grain, Grains. 

Gratus Grat Pleasant 

Gutta, Gutt-e Gtt A drop. Drops. 

Guttatim Guttat By drops. 



97 



Haustus Haust A draught. 

Hebdomada Hebdom ... A week. 

Herbarum recen- 

tium Herb. recentOf fresh herbs. 

Hie, Haec, Hoc . .Hie, Jicec, hoc This. 

Hirudo Hirudo ... .A leech. 

Hora H An hour. 

Idem Id The same. 

Imprimis Impr First. 

Incide, Incisus . . .Inc Cut (thou), Being 

Cut. 
In dies Ind Daily, or from day 

to day. 

Infunde Infun Pour in. 

Infusum Infus An infusion. 

Injection An injection. 

In Pulmento In gruel. 

Instar Instar As big as, the size of. 

Inter Inter Between. 

Internus ,-a-um . . . Int Inner or internal. 

Intus Intus Inwardly. 

Jam Jam Now. 

Juxta Juxta Near to. 

Lac, Lactis Lac Milk, of Milk. 

Lagena Lag A flask or bottle. 

Langour Lang Faintness. 

Libra Lb., or lb . . A pound. 

Linimentum Linim A liniment. 

Linteum Lint Lint. 

Liquor Liq A solution. 

Lotio Lot A lotion. 

Macera Mac Macerate. 

Magnus Mag Large. 

Mane Mane In the morning. 

Manipulus M. or Man .A handful. 

Manus Manus The hand. 

Massa, massa 

pilularis A mass, a pill-mass. 

Matutinis Matut .... In the morning. 

Medium Med Middle. 

Mensura Mensu .... By Measure. 

Mica Panis Mic. pan. . . Crumb of beard. 



98 



Minimum 

Minutum 

Misce 

Mistura 

Mitte 

Modo prcescripto 



M. or min, 



M 

Mist 

Mit 

Mod. praesc 



More dictu Mor. dictu. 



More solito 

Mortarium, i 

Necnon 

Ne trades sine num- 

mo 

Nisi 

Non 

Non repetatur 

Nox. Noctis . 



Mor. sol. . 

Mort 

Necn 

Ne.tr. s.num 



Nisi 

Non 

Non repetat 

Noc. noct. . 



Nucha 

Numero 

Octarius 

Octavus 

Octo 

Omni hori . . . 

Opus 

Ovum 

Pars, Partis. . 
Partes cequales 
Parvulus 



No. . . 
O. Oct. 



Octo. . . . 
Omn. hor. 
Opus . . . . 

Ov 

Par. Pt. . . 
Pt. aeq. . . 
Parvul. . . 



Parvus 

Pastillus 

Pediluvium .... 
Penicillum cam- 

elinum 

Per 

Phiala 

Phiala prius agi- 
tate 



Pastil 

Pencil, cam 



Per. 
Phil 



P. P. A. 



A minim. 

A minute. 

Mix. 

A mixture. 

Send. 

In the manner pre- 
scribed. 

, In the manner di- 
rected. 

, In the usual manner . 

A mortar. 

Also. 

Do not deliver with- 
out the money. 

Unless. 

Not. 

.Let it not be re- 
peated. 

The night, of the 
night. 

The nape of the 
neck. 

In number. 

A pint (gxvj) 

Eight. 

Eight. 

Every hour. 

Need, or occasion. 

An egg. 

A part, of a part. 

Equal parts. 

An infant. A par- 
vule. 

•Little. 

A pastille. 

A foot-bath. 

A camel's hair pencil 
or brush. 

Through, By. 

A vial or bottle. 

The bottle having 

been first shaken. 



99 



Pilula , 

Pocillum , 

Poculum 

Pondere 

Pondus civile 

Pondus medicinale 



Post cibo . 
Potus .... 
Prceparata 
Primus . . 

Pro 

Pro re nata 



Pil A pill. 

Pocill A little cup. 

Pocul A cup. 

P By weight. 

P. civ Civil weight (av- 
oirdupois) . 

Medicinal (apothe- 
caries) Weight. 

Post cib. . .After eating. 

Potus Drink. 

Praep Prepared. 

Primus .... The first 



Pulvis 

Quadrans-antis . 
Quantum libet . . 



Pro. 
P. r. 



Pulv. 
Quad. 
Q. lib. 



Quantum sufficiat . Q. s. 



Quaque 

Quartus 

Quatuor 

Quibus 

Quinque 

Quintus 

Quoque 

Quorum 

Quotidie 

Ratio 

Recens ,-entis . . . 

Recipe 

Reductus in pul- 

verem 

Reliquum 

Repetatur 

Retinere 

Ruber, rubra, ri 

brum 

Saltern 



Qq. . . . 
Quart. 
Quat. . 
Quibus 
Quinq. 



.For. 

. Occasionally, 

cording to 

cumstances 
.A powder. 
, A quart. 
. As much 

please. 
. As much 

suffice. 
. Each, or Every 
. Fourth. 
. Four. 

. From which. 
Five. 



as you 



as may 



. Quint The fifth. 

Q. Q Also. 

. Quor Of which. 

. Quotid Daily. 

Proportion. 

Rec Fresh. 

1^ Take. 

Red. in pulv. Let it be reduced to 

powder. 

. Reliq Remaining. 

. Rept Let it bs repeated. 

. Retin To keep. 

Rub Red, ruddy. 

.Saltern At least. 



100 



Saltim Saltim .... By leaps. 

Saturatus-a-um . . Sat Saturated. 

Scatula Scat A box. 

Scilicet Scil Namely. 

Scrupidum Scrup. or £) A scruple (20 grs.) 

Secundem artem . .S. A According to art. 

Secundus Secund. . . . Second. 

Semel Semel Once. 

Semis or semissis . Ss A half. 

Septem Sept Seven. 

Septimana Septim. ... A week. 

Sescuncia An ounce and a half. 

Sesquihora An hour and a half. 

Sex Sex Six. 

Si Si If. 

Signa Sig Write, or Mark 

(thou). 
Signatur nomine Let it be written 

proprio Sig.nom.pro with its proper 

name. 

Simul . Simul Together. 

Sine Sin Without. 

Singulorum Sing Of each. 

Si opus sit Si op. sit. . . If necessary. 

Sit Sit Let it be. 

Solus Sol Alone. 

Solve Solv Dissolve. 

Somnus Somnus . . . Sleep. 

Spiritus vini rec- Rectified spirit of 

tificatus ._ Spt.vin.rect. wine (alcohol) 

Spiritus vini tenuis Spt. vin. ten. Proofspirit. 

Statim Stat Immediately. 

Stet. or Stent St Let it (or them) 

stand. 

Subinde Subind .... Frequently. 

Sumat talem Sum. tal. . . . Let him take one 

like this. 

Sume Sum Take. 

Supra Supra Above. 

Tabella Tab A lozenge. 

Talis , Tal Such a one. 



101 

Ter Ter Thrice, or Three 

times. 

Ter in die, or Ter 
die T.i.d.or T.D Thrice daily. 

Tero Tero I rub. 

Tere simnl Tere sim. . . Rub together. 

Tertius Tert Third. 

Tinctura Tinct, or Tr. Tincture. 

Tres Tres Three. 

Triduum Trid Three days. 

Tritura Trit Triturate. 

Troschiscus, Tro- 

chisin Troch A lozenge or troche. 

Tussis Tus A cough. 

Ultimo (or Ultima) 
prcescriptus .... Ult. praesc . . The last ordered 

Una Una Together. 

Uncia Unc. or § . .An ounce. 

Ut dictum Ut. diet. . . .As directed. 

Vas vitreum . ... Vas vit. ... A glass vessel. 

Vehiculum Vehic A vehicle or men- 
struum. 

Vel Vel Or. 

Ve,sper-eris Vesp The evening. 

Vices Vic Turns. 

Vinum Vin Wine. 

Vires Vir Strength 

Vitellus Vitel Yolk. 

Vitreum, Vitrum .Vitr Glass. 

Volatilis, is, Vola- 
tile Volat Volatile 



102 



INCOMPATIBILITY. 



In prescription writing, incompatibility may 
be denned as an interference, with each other, 
of the constituents of a mixture in a way not in- 
tended by the prescriber. Sometimes there is 
intentional incompatibility by the prescriber as 
in the case of white lotion, p. 81. 

There are three types of incompatibility : Chemic, 
Pharmaceutic and Physiologic. 

Chemic Incompatibility occurs when a new chemic 
compound results. In general it may be recog- 
nized in one of three ways: 1. By precipitation 
— the formation of an insoluble compound. 2. By 
effervescence or explosion — evolution of gas. 3. By 
a change in color. Another form may be referred 
to, because it is not easy to recognize any change 
and therefore more dangerous. A new product 
may be formed, possibly of a poisonous nature a/id 
remain in solution without in the least changing 
the appearance of the mixture. The avoidance 
of this form of incompatibility rests upon a knowl- 
edge of the ordinary chemic reactions, and the 
knowledge cannot be too greatly emphasized. 
Chemic incompatibility is not always evident 
immediately, some little time may elapse before 
changes occur. A general rule is that substances 
are incompatible if they are used in testing for 
each other or if they form antidotes. 

Pharmaceutic Incompatibility results in the 
production of an unsightly appearance due to 
physical changes. It is, therefore, largely a question 
of solvents and solubility, and often occurs when 



103 

solids or liquids are added to solutions, thereby 
changing their densities. It occurs when there is 
a combination of such substances as are physically 
incapable of mixing; thus, if spirit of nitrous ether 
be added to tincture of guaiacum a gelatinous mass 
will result, or if resinous tinctures be added to 
aqueous solutions the resins will separate. 

Physiologic or Therapeutic Incompatibility depends 
upon' the antagonistic or opposite physiologic or 
therapeutic actions of the drugs, so that one drug 
may weaken or neutralize the action of another 
with regard to its effects upon the tissues. Atropine 
and pilocarpine are examples of antagonists thera- 
peutically. No two drugs, however, are exactly 
opposed to each other throughout their whole range 
of action, and more or less latitude in this respect 
may be permitted in prescribing. 

Incompatibility must always be kept in mind 
in writing a prescription. It is best avoided, 
as a rule, by not attempting to combine too many 
drugs. Some general principles which it is well 
to keep in mind may be formulated as follows: 

Acids should not be added to alkalies, alkaline 
salts or vegetable acids on account of decomposition 
and chemic change. 

Solutions of alkaloids are incompatible with 
tannic acid, alkalies, " alkaline salts, iodides and 
bromides on account of precipitation. 

Glucosides (Digitalin, Salicin, etc.) are decom- 
posed by acids. 

A mixture of salts in solution will decompose 
if either an insoluble compound or double salt can 
be formed. 



104 



Chloral is incompatible with alkaline solutions, 
chloroform is produced. 

Potassium chlorate, nitrate or permanganate 
liberate oxygen and should not be mixed with 
readily oxidizable substances, such as charcoal, 
sugar, sulphur, glycarin, carbolic acid, iodine, 
turpentine, and organic materials, lest explosive 
compounds be formed. 

Lime water precipitates mercury salts. Calomel 
and prussic. acid form the poisonous mercuric 
cyanide. 

Calomel should not be combined with nitro- 
hydrochloric acid as corrosive sublimate may 
be produced. Both calomel and antipyrin are 
incompatible with sweet spirit of nitre. 

Liquid iron preparations are incompatible 
with fluid preparations of the vegetable bitters 
(except calumba and quassia), because the tannic 
acid in them forms a precipitate. 

Considerable quantities of acid are incompatible 
with tinctures, because ethers are formed. 

Water causes precipitates with tinctures contain- 
ing resins. 

Gum arabic is incompatible with lead and iron 
salts and mineral acids. 

Solutions of potassium chlorate and iodide 
unite to form a poisonous compound. 

For convenient reference, the following list 
of the more important incompatibles, taken from 
Merck's Report Ready Reference, is given. 

Acacia — mineral acids; alcohol; ammonia; anti- 
mony and potassium tartrate; borax (unless 
syrup or glycerin is present); ether; ferric salts 



105 



(not if excess of acid present); lead subacetate 
(not acetate); lead- water; mercuric chloride (con- 
cent, sol.); potassium bitartrate and tartrate; 
silicates; syrup squill; tinct. guaiac (blue color), 
tinctures (alcoholic and ethereal). 

Acetanilid — amyl nitrate; bromine and bro- 
mides of alkalies; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; 
iodides of alkalies; nitrites; piperazine; potassium 
hydroxide; pyrocatechin; resorcin; sodium hy- 
droxide; spirit nitrous ether ; thymol. 

Acids — alcohol (with strong acids); alkalies; 
alkaloids; benzoates and borates (with strong 
acids); bismuth and ammonium citrate; bicar- 
bonates; bromides (of weak acids); carbonates; 
chlorides (of weak acids) ; iodides (of weak bases) ; 
metallic salts (with organic acids); pancreatin; 
potassium and sodium tartrate; potassium tartrate; 
salicylates ; silicates . 

Acid, Arsenous — copper sulphate; decoction 
cinchona; dialyzed iron; ferric hydrate; lime 
water; salts of aluminium, antimony, barium, 
calcium, chromium, copper, lead, magnesium, 
mercury, silver, zinc; potassium iodide; tannic 
acid; vegetable astringent decoctions and infusions. 

Acid, Benzoic — free bromine or chlorine; ferric 
salts; hydrogen dioxide with sulphuric acid; ure- 
thane. 

Acid, Boric — alkaline hydrates; alkaline earths 
(hydrates); carbonates. See aso Borates. 

Acid, Carbolic — acetanilid; albumin; antipyrin; 
antisepsin; bromal hydrate; bromine water; 



106 



butyl chloral hydrate; camphor; camphor mono- 
bromated; chloral hydrate; collodion; diuretin; 
exalgin; ferric salts; gelatin (in dilute solution); 
hydrogen dioxide; lead acetate; menthol; naphta- 
lin; naphtol; nitric acid; phenacetin; potassium 
permanganate; pyrogallol; resorcin; salol; sodium 
phosphate; thymol; urethane; terpin hydrate. 

Acid, Chromic — alcohol; bromides; chlorides; 
ether; glycerin;* hypophosphites; iodides; oxal- 
ates; sulphides; sulphites; tartrates. See also 
chromates. 

Acid, Citric — acetates; acids (mineral); car- 
bonates; potassium tartrate; sulphides. See also 
citrates. 

Acid, Gallic — arsenic acid; carbonates; copper 
salts; ferric salts (if excess of acid absent); gold 
salts; lead acetate; iodine; lime water; nitric 
acid ; opium in solution ; potassium permanganate ; 
silver salts; sodium bicarbonate; tartar emetic. 

Acid, Hydrochloric — alkalies; bromates; car- 
bonates; chlorates; chromates; lead salts; mer- 
curous salts; oxides; permanganates; silver 
salts; tartar emetic. See also chlorides. 

Acid, Hydrocyanic, Dilute — acids (mineral); 
antimony oxide; copper and iron salts; mercury 
oxide; silver nitrate; sulphides. See also cyanides. 

Acid, Lactic — albumin; milks; oxidizers gen- 
erally. 

Acid, Nitric — alcohol, alkalies; carbonates; 
ferrous sulphate; lead acetate; oils (essential); 
sulphides. 



107 



Acid, Osmic — all organic or oxidizable substances; 
iodides. 

Acid, Oxalic — arsenates; gold salts; metallic 
salts generally (all but those of aluminium, chro- 
mium and magnesium). 

Acid, Phosphoric, Meta — albumin; ferric chlo- 
ride; gelatin; lead acetate; silver nitrate. 

Acid, Phosphoric, Ortho — chlorides of barium, 
calcium and magnesium (in ammoniacal solutions); 
lead acetate; silver nitrate; soluble iron phosphate; 
and pyrophosphate. 

Acid, Picric — albumin; alkaloids; gelatin; 
oxidizable substances; piperazine. 

Acid, Salicylic — Ferric salts; exalgin; lead 
acetate; lime water; potassium iodide; quinine 
salts; sodium phosphate; spirit nitrous ether; 
urethane. 

Acid, Sulphuric — alcohol; barium and calcium 
salts; carbonates; hypophosphorus acid; metals; 
oils (essential); lead, mercurous, silver and stront- 
ium salts ; organic substances ; sulphides ; vegetable 
astringent infusions. 

Acid, Tannic — albumin; alkaloids; amyl 
nitrate; antipyrin; arsenic acid; bromine; cal- 
cium chloride (concent, solution) ; chlorine; chromic 
acid; ferric salts; gelatin; glucosides; gluten; 
hydrochloric acid; iodine; iodoform; lime water; 
nitric acid; permanganate; piperazine; salts of 
antimony, bismuth, chromium, copper, gold, 
lead, mercury and silver; spirit nitrous ether; 
potassium chlorate or other oxidizers; sulphuric 
acid; potassium bichromate. 



108 



Acid, Tartaric— alkalies; calcium salts; car- 
bonates; lead salts; lime water; mercury salts; 
vegetable astringents. 

Aconitine — -hot acids, alkalies or water. An- 
tagonists: atropine; digitalis; morphine; scoparin; 
strychnine. See also alkaloids. 

Albumin — acetic acid (with heat); alcohol; 
alum; ammonium sulphate; camphor; carbolic 
acid; coniine; collodion; copper sulphate; ether; 
ferric chloride; heat; hydrogen peroxide; lactic 
acid; mercuric chloride; metallic salts; meta- 
phosphoric acid; mineral acids; picric acid; tannic 
acid; thymol; volatile oils. 

Alcohol — acacia; albumin; bromine; chlorine; 
chromic acid; inorganic salts; mercuric chloride; 
mineral acids; potassium permanganate. Anta- 
gonists: Cocaine; strychnine. 

Alkaloids — alkalies ; alkali carbonates and bicar- 
bonates; ammonium chloride; benzoates; bichro- 
mates; bromides; borax; cyanides; gold chloride; 
ichthyol; iodides; mercuric chloride; oxalic acid; 
picric acid; piperazine; potassiomercuric iodide 
(not if acacia present); oxidizers; sodium phos- 
phate; tannic acid; salicylates. 

Aloes — mercury nitrate; silver nitrate. 

Aloin — Alkali hydrates; bromine water; ferric 
chloride; lead acetate, basic (not neutral); tannic 
acid. 

Alum — alkali hydrates; borax; carbonates; 
galls; kino; lead acetate; lime water; magnesia 
and magnesium carbonate; mercury salts; phos- 
phates; tartaric acid; potassium; chlorate. 



109 



Ammonium Carbonate — acid salts; alkalies; 
alum; calomel; copper, iron, lead and silver 
salts; magnesia; magnesium sulphate; mercuric 
chloride; potassium bitartrate and bisulphate; 
tartar emetic; zinc sulphate. See also carbonates. 

Amyl Nitrite — alcohol; antipyrin; caustic 
potassa. Antagonists: chloroform, cocaine; mor- 
phine; strychnine. 

Angustura — acids (mineral); cinchona infusion; 
copper sulphate; galls infusion; ferrous sulphate; 
lead acetate; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate; 
catechu infusion; zinc sulphate. 

Anthemis — cinchona infusion; gelatin; iron 
salts; lead salts; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate. 

Antimony and Potassium Tartrate — acacia; 
acids (mineral); albumin; alcohol; alkalies; 
ammonia; ammonium carbonate ; antipyrin; bicar- 
bonates; calcium chloride; carbonates; gelatin: 
lead salts; lime water; mercuric chloride; metallic 
salts; sulphides; tannic acid; vegetable decoctions 
and infusions. 

Antimony Sulphide — chlorates and other oxidi- 
zers; nitric acid. 

Antipyrin — alum; ammonia water; amyl 
nitrite; benzoates; beta naphtol; bromine; car- 
bolic acid; calomel; chloral hydrate; copper 
sulphate; chromic acid; cinchona alkaloids; 
euphorin; ferric chloride; ferrous sulphate; hydro- 
cyanic acid; iodides; iodine; lead subacetate; 
mercuric chloride ; potassium permanganate ; pyro- 
catechin; pyrogallol; resorcin; sodium bicar- 
bonate; sodium salicylate; solution arsenic and 
mercury iodide; spirit nitrous ether; syrup ferrous 



110 



iodide; tartar emetic; tannic acid; thymol; ure- 
thane; infusions of catechu, cinchona, rose leaves 
and uva ursi; tinctures of catechu, cinchona, 
hamamelis, iodine and rhubarb; orthoform. 

Apomorphine Hydrochloride — alkali hydrates 
and carbonates; alkaloidal reagents generally; 
ferric chloride; iodides; lime water; permanga- 
nates;, picric acid; silver nitrate; tannic acid. 
Antagonists: chloral hydrate; chloroform; strych- 
nine. 

Aristol — Water; substances having affinity for 
iodine. 

Arnica — acids (mineral); ferrous sulphate, lead 
acetate; zinc sulphate. 

Arsenates — hypophosphites; iodides and sul- 
phides in acid solutions; salts of aluminium, 
antimony, barium, calcium, chromium, copper, 
lead, mercury, silver, and zinc in neutral solutions; 
tannic acid; iron salts. 

Arsenic — See acid arsenous. 

Arsenic Iodide — alkaloids generally. 

Arsenites — dialyzed iron; ferric hydrate; hy- 
pophosphorus acid and hypophosphites (in acid 
solution); salts of heavy metals; tannic acid; 
copper sulphate; potassium iodide; silver nitrate; 
sulphides; vegetable astringent decoctions and 
infusions. 

Atropine — See belladonna. 

Balsam Peru — ferric salts; iodoform; hydrogen 
peroxide. 

Barium Salts — carbonates; chromates; oxalic 
acid or oxalates; phosphoric acid or phosphates; 



Ill 



sulphuric acid or sulphates; tannic acid; tartaric 
acid or tartrates. 

Belladonna — alkaloidal precipitants ; alkali 
hydrates or acids with heat ; tannic acid ; vegetable 
decoctions or infusions. Antagonists: Aconitine; 
bromal hydrate; chloral hydrate; hydrocyanic 
acid; jaborandi; morphine; muscarine; physostig- 
mine; phytolacca; pilocarpine; quinine. 

Benzaldehyde — ammonia water; caustic po- 
tassa; phenol, resorcin or pyrocatechin in absence 
of hydrochloric acid ; sodium bisulphite. 

Benzoates — acids; ferric salts. 

Benzoin — acids; alkalies; water. 

Berberine Salts — alkaloidal precipitants, sol- 
uble tartrates. 

Bicarbonates — like carbonates. 

Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate — acids. 

Bismuth Subgallate — acids. 

Bismuth Subnitrate — alkali carbonates and 
hydrates; calomel; hypophosphites ; gallic acid; 
iodides; salicylic acid; sulphur, tannic acid. 

Borates — acids (mineral); alkaloidal salts; me- 
tallic salts. 

Bromal Hydrate — acetamide; borneol; carbolic 
acid; exalgin; menthol; pyrocatechin; urea; 
urethrane. Antagonist: Atropine. 

Bromides — acids; alkaloids; antimony salts; 
bismuth salts; chlorine water; chlorates (in acid 
solution) ; chromates (in acid solution) ; copper, 
lead, mercurous, and silver salts; spirit nitrous 
ether (if acid) ; nitric acid. 



112 



Bromine Water — alkali hydrates; arsenites; 
ferrous salts; hypophosphites; hydriodic acid; 
mercurous salts. 

Broform — caustic alkalies; aqueous liquids. 

Buchu — ferrous sulphate; infusion galls. 

Butyl-chloral Hydrate (Croton-chloral Hy- 
drate) — acetamide; alkalies; camphor; carbolic 
acid; exalgin; menthol; piperazine; pyrocatechin ; 
thymol; urethane. 

Cadmium Salts (Soluble) — alkalies, carbonates; 
ehromates; phosphates; sulphides. 

Caffeine — like alkaloids in general. Antag- 
onists: chloral hydrate; cocaine; morphine; 
physostigmine. 

Calcium Carbonate — acids; alum; ammonium 
chloride. 

Calcium Salts (Soluble) — alkalies; carbonates; 
citrates (with heat); oxalates; phosphates; tar- 
trates. 

Calomel — See mercurous chloride. 

Calumba — acids (mineral); ammonia; cinchona 
infusion; galls infusion; ferric salts; lead acetate; 
lime water; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate; 
tartar emetic. 

Camphor — butyl-chloral hydrate; carbolic acid; 
chloral hydrate; chromic acid; dichloracetic 
acid; euphorin; hydrochloric acid; menthol; 
monochloracetic acid; naphthol; potassium per- 
manganate; pyrocatechin; pyrogallol; resorcin; 
salol; salicylic acid; thymol; urethane; water. 

Camphor, Monobromated — carbolic acid; 
chloral hydrate; euphorin; pyrocatechin; salol; 
thymol. 



113 



Cantharjdin — copper sulphate; lead acetate; 
mercuric chloride; silver nitrate. 

Capsicum — alum; ammonia; carbonates (alka- 
line); copper sulphate; ferrous sulphate; galls 
infusion; lead acetate; mercuric chloride; silver 
nitrate; zinc sulphate. 

Carbonates — acids; acid salts; alkaloidal 
salts; bismuth subnitrate; salts of aluminium, 
antimony, barium, bismuth, cadium, calcium, 
chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, (ic and ous), lead, 
manganese, mercury (ic and ous), nickel, silver, 
strontium and zinc; urethane. 

Cardamom — acids; ferrous sulphate; mercuric 
chloride. 

Catechu — acids (mineral); albumin; alkalies; 
calcium salts; cinchona infusion; ferric and ferrous 
salts; gelatin; lime water; mercuric chloride; 
zinc sulphate. 

Charcoal — all oxidizers (potassium chlorate, 
potassium permanganate, etc.). 

Chloral Hydrate — acetanilid; alcohol; alkalies; 
ammonium salts; borax; borneol; camphor; 
camphor monobromated; carbolic acid; diuretin; 
euphorin; exalgin; glycerin (with heat); lead 
acetate; menthol; mercuric oxide and nitrate; 
phenacetin; piperazine; potassium cyanide; potas- 
sium permanganate; potassium iodide; pyrocate- 
chin; quinine sulphate; salol; sodium phosphate; 
thymol; urea; urethane. Antagonists: ammonium 
chloride; atropine; brucine; carbolic acid; caffeine; 
cocaine; codeine; digitalis; physostigmine; picro- 
toxin; strychnine; thebaine. 



114 



Chlorates -ammonium picrate; arsenites or 
bromides (in acid solution) ; carbolic acid; charcoal; 
cyanides; ferrous salts (in acid solution); galHc 
acid; glycerin; honey; hydrochloric acid; hypo- 
phosphites; hyposulphites; iodides (in acid solu- 
tion); iodine; iron (reduced); Lycopodium; mer- 
CUrous salts (in acid solution); oxalic acid; phos- 
phorus (amorphous); sulphides in acid solution; 
sulphuric acid; salicylic acid; shellac; starch; 
sugar; sulphides; sulphites. 

On orides hydrogen peroxide; lead, msreurous, 
and silver salts; nitric and sulphuric acids. 

Chlorinated Lime fats; glycerine; iodides; 

oils. 

Chlorine Water -alkalies; ammonium salts; 
arsenous salts; bromides; ferrous salts; hypo- 
phosphites; iodides; lead salts; lime water; 
mercurous salts; oxalic acid; silver salts. 

CHLOROFORM -caustic alkalies; aqueous fluids. 
Antagonists: amy] nitrite. 

Chromates — barium, bismuth, lead, manganese, 
mercury, silver, and strontium salts. 

Cinchona —acids (mineral); alkalies; carbonates; 
alkaloidal precipitants; ferric and ferrous salts; 
lead acetate; lime water; magnesia; mercuric 
chloride; rhubarb infusion; silver nitrate; tartar 
emetic; zinc sulphate. 

Citrates — alcohol; lead acetate; potassium 
permanganate (in acid solution); silver nitrate. 

COCAINE — acids (concent.); alkaloidal precip- 
itants; alkalies; caustic alkalies; hot water. 
Cocaine hydrochloride is incompatible with calomel, 
chloroform water, mercuric oxide and silver 



115 



nitrate. Antagonists: alcohol; amyl nitrite; caf- 
feine; chloral hydrate; digitalis; morphine. 

Codeine — alkalies; alkaloidal precipitants ; am- 
monium bromide or chloride; ammonium valeria- 
nate; copper, iron, and lead salts. Antagonist: 
chloral hydrate. 

Colchicine — acids; akalies; alkaloidal precipi- 
tants. 

Collodion — carbolic acid; aqueous fluids. 

Colocynth — alkalies; ferrous sulphate; lead 
sulphate; lime water; mercuric chloride; silver 
nitrate. 

Coniine — albumin; aluminium salts; aklaloidal 
precipitants; chromic acid; copper, iron, mangan- 
ese, and zinc salts. 

CONIUM — acids (vegetable); alkalies; tannic 
acid. 

Copaiba — acids (mineral); caustic alkalies ; both 
calcium hydrate and magnesia solidify it; water. 

Copper Ammoniated — acids; alkalies; lime 
water. 

Copper Sulphate — alkalies; ammonium ace- 
tate; arsenites; arsenous acid; calcium chloride; 
carbonates; ferric acetate; glucose (in alk. sol.); 
iodides; lead acetate; lime water; mercuric 
chloride; potassium tartrate; phosphates; silver 
nitrate; sodium borate; vegetable astringent 
infusions and tinctures. 

Corrosive Sublimate — See mercuric chloride. 

Creosote (Beechwood) — acacia; albumin; 
cupric, ferric, gold, and silver salts; nitric acid; 
oxidizers. 



116 



Cyanides — acids; alkaloids; chloral hydrate; 
iodine, lead, mercurous, and silver salts; per- 
manganates; potassium chlorate ; potassium nitrate. 
Antagonist: atropine. 

Decoctions — like infusions. 

Digitalis — acids; alkalies; alkaloidal precipi- 
tants; cinchona infusion; ferrous sulphate; lead 
acetate ; tannic acid and other vegetable astringents. 
Antagonists: aconite; chloral hydrate; cocaine; 
glonoin; muscarine; saponin; scoparin; strych- 
nine. 

Diuretin — acids; bicarbonates ; borates; car- 
bolic acid; chloral hydrate; ferric chloride; phos- 
phates; phosphoric acid. Also those of salicylates. 

Ergot — alkaloidal precipitants; tannic acid. 

Ether — bromine; chromic acid. 

Ether Acetic — alkalies ; chlorine water ; chromic 
acid; water. 

Ethyl Bromide — alkalies; ammonia water. 

Eucalyptol — potassium permanganate. 

Exalgin — bromal hydrate; butyl-chloral hy- 
drate; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; euphorin; 
menthol; naphtol; pyrocatechin ; pyrogallol; resor- 
cin; salicylic acid; salol; thymol; urethane. 

Formaldehyde — albumin ; alkalies ; ammonia ; 
bisulphites; gelatin; copper, gold and silver salts; 
phenylhydrazine ; iron and tannin preparations. 

Gelatin — alcohol; alumnol; chlorine water; 
ferric salts; formaldehyde; mercuric chloride; 
metaphosphoric acid; picric acid; platinum chlor- 
ide; potassium f errocyanide ; tannic acid; tartar 
emetic. 



117 



Gentian — ferric and ferrous salts; lead acetate. 

Glonoin — alkalies; carbonates; hydrochloric 
acid;' hydriodic acid. 

Glucosides — acids; alkalies; ferments; lead 
acetate and subacetate; hot water; tannic acid. 

Glycerin — chromic acid; hot acids; lead 
oxide; potassium permanganate; silver nitrate. 

Glycyrrhizn, Ammoniated — acids (mineral) ; 
alkalies; metallic salts. 

Gold and Sodium Chloride — alkalies; alka- 
loids; arsenites; hypophosphorus acid; ferrous 
and mercurous salts; organic substances; oxalic 
acid; potassium iodide; sulphurous acid; thymol; 
vegetable infusions. 

Guaiac Resin — acids (mineral); acacia; chlo- 
rine water; chromic acid; ferric and gold chlo- 
rides; metallic salts; potassium permanganate; 
spirit nitrous ether. 

Guaiacol — like creosote. 

Homatropine — like belladonna. 

Hydrastis — alkaloidal precipitants. 

Hydrogen Dioxide — alkalies; albumin; am- 
monia; arsenous salts; balsam Peru; carbolic 
acid; charcoal; chlorides; chlorine water; citrates 
of alkalies; ferric salts; glycerin; gold salts; 
hydrocyanic acid; hypophosphites; iodides; lime 
water; manganese dioxide; mercurous salts; 
nitrates; potassium bromide; potassium perman- 
ganate; sulphates; solution of chlorinated soda; 
tartrates; tinctures generally. 

Hyoscyamus — acids; alkaloidal precipitants; fer- 
rous sulphate; lead acetate; silver nitrate; vege- 
table astringents. 



118 



Hypophosphites — arsenic salts; bromine and 
bromates; chlorine and chlorates; chromates; 
cupric salts; ferric salts; iodine and iodates; 
nitric acid; permanganates; sulphuric acid; sul- 
phurous acid. 

Ichthyol — acids; alcohol; alkaloids; carbon- 
ates; iron salts. 

Infusions — alkaloidal salts; aluminium-hydrate 
solution; lead acetate and subacetate; mercuric 
chloride; silver nitrate; tartar emetic. 

Iodides — alkaloids; arsenic salts (in acid sol.); 
bromine; chlorine; bismuth, cupric, ferric, lead, 
mercury (ic and ous), and silver salts; hydrogen 
peroxide (in acid sol.); nitric acid; nitrites (in acid 
sol.). 

Iodine — alkalies; alkaline earths; chloral hy- 
drate; alkaloids; ferrous salts; hypophosphites; 
hyposulphites; mercurous salts, metlas; oils; 
turpentine; starch, tannic acid. 

.Iodoform — alkalies (with heat); balsam Peru; 
calomel; mercuric oxide; oils (in the light); silver 
nitrate; tannic acid. 

Ipecac — lead acetate; vegetable astringents. 

Iron (Ferrous) Salts — alkalies; carbonates; 
chromates; chlorates (in acid sol.); ferricyanides; 
gold salts; hydrogen dioxide; mercuric salts; 
phosphates; permanganates; sulphides; tannic 
acid; silver salts. 

Iron (Ferric) Salts — acacia; albumin; alka- 
lies; apomorphine; aloin; benzoates; carbonates; 
creosote; balsam Peru; benzoin (in alcohol sol.); 
diuretin; gallic acid; gelatin; guaiac; guaiacol; 



119 



hydriodic acid; hypophosphites ; hyposulphites; 
iodides; morphine; oils of bay, cloves, cinnamon, 
pimento, thyme, and wintergreen; pyrogallol; 
resorcin; salol; sulphides; sulphites; salicylates; 
tannic acid; vegetable infusions and decoctions. 

Iron Chloride (Ferric)— acacia; albumin; 
alkalies; carbonates; gelatin; lime water; mag- 
nesium carbonate; piperazine; vegetable decoc- 
tions, infusions and tinctures. 

Iron Sulphate (Ferrous) — alkalies; ammon- 
ium, barium, and calcium chlorides; carbonates; 
gold and silver salts; lead acetate; lime water; 
potassium iodide; piperazine; potassium nitrate; 
Rochelle salt; sodium borate; tannin; vegetable 
astringent infusions. 

Lead Acetate — acids; alkalies; bromides; car- 
bolic acid; carbonates; chloral hydrate; chlorides; 
chromates; cyanides; glucosides; gums; hydro- 
chloric acid; iodides; opium; pyrocatechin ; 
pyrogallol; resorcin; salicylic acid; sodium phos- 
phate; sodium salicylate; sulphates; sulphides; 
sulphites; tannic acid; urea; urethane; vegetable 
decoctions, infusions, and tinctures. 

Lead Subacetate — see sol. lead subacetate. 

Lupulin — salts of iron, mercury, platinum and tin. 

Magnesia— acids; with copaiba forms solid 
mass; with little water becomes hydrated. 

Magnesium Salts — alkalies; arsenates; car- 
bonates; lead acetate; lime water; oxalates; 
phosphates; silver nitrate; sulphites; tartrates. 

Manganese Salts — alkalies; carbonates; bro- 
mine; chlorine and iodine (in alk. sol.); cyanides; 
phosphates. 



120 



Menthol — bromal hydrate; butyl-chloral hy- 
drate; camphor; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; 
chromic acid; exalgin; naphthol; potassium per- 
manganate; pyrocatechin; pyrogallol; resorcin; 
thymol; urethane. 

Mercuric Chloride (Corrosive Sublimate) — 
albumin; alkalies; alkaloids; ammonia; anti- 
monous and arsenous salts; bromides; borax; 
carbonates; copper salts; ferrous salts; formic 
acid; glucosides; honey; hypophosphites or 
hypophosphorous acid; iodides; infusions of 
cinchona, columbo, oak bark, and senna; lead 
salts; lime water; milk; phosphates; piperazine; 
silver nitrate; soap; sulphates of potassium or 
sodium; sulphides; syrup sarsaparilla compound; 
tannic acid; tartar emetic; vegetable astringents; 
zinc salts. 

Mercurous Chloride (Calomel) — acacia; acids 
(mineral); alkalies; ammonia; antimony sulphide, 
golden; arsenites (in alk. mixtures); bromides; 
carbonates; chlorides; citric acid; cocaine; 
cyanides; copper salts; hydrocyanic acid; hydro- 
gen peroxide; hypophosphorous acid; iodides; 
iodine; iodoform; lead salts; lime water; mercuric 
oxides; polocarpine; sodium bicarbonate; sugar 
(cane and milk); silver salts; soaps; sulphides; 
tragacanth. 

Mercury Ammoniated (White Precipitate) 
— acids; alkalies; bromine; chlorine; iodine; 
lime water. 

Mercury Iodide, Red — like mercuric chloride. 

Mercury Iodide, Yellow — like mercurous 
chloride. 



121 



Mercury Oxide — mineral acids ; chloral hydrate ; 
mercuric chloride. 
Mercury Subsulphate (Turpeth Mineral) 

— acids; caustic alkalies. 

Methylene Blue — caustic potassa; potassium 
bichromate; potassium iodide; reducing agents; 
sulphuric acid. 

Morphine — alkaloidal precipitants ; borax; 
chlorates ; ferric chloride ; iodates ; iodides ; iodine ; 
lead acetate and subacetate; magnesia; spirit 
nitrous ether; silver nitrate. See also alkaloids. 
Antagonists: atropine; caffeine; chloroform; co- 
caine; daturine; gelsemium; hyoscyamine; nico- 
tine; paraldehyde; physostigmine ; picrotoxin; 
veratrum viride. 

Musk — acids (mineral); cinchona infusion; 
ferrous sulphate; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate. 

Naphtalin— carbolic acid; chromic acid; pyro- 
catechin; salol. 

Naphtol Beta — antipyrin; camphor; carbolic 
acid; chlorinated lime; exalgin; ferric chloride; 
menthol; potassium; permanganate pyrocatechin ; 
ur ethane. 

Nitrites— Acetanilid; antipyrin; chlorates; 
chromates; gold chloride; hypophosphites ; io- 
dates; iodides; mercury salts (ic and ous); per- 
manganates; sulphites; tannic acid; vegetable 
astringent decoctions; infusions or tinctures. 

Nitrogylcerin — see glonoin. 

Nux Vomica — see strychnine. 

Oil Turpentine — bromine; chlorine; iodine; 
water. 



122 



Oil Wintergreen — like acid salicylic. 

Opium — alkalies; alkaloidal precipitants; car- 
bonates; catechu; cinchona; copper salts; galls; 
iron salts; kino; lead acetate and subacetate; 
lime water; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate; 
zinc sulphate. Antagonists: see morphine. 

Oxalates — see oxalic acid. 

Pancreatin — acids; alcohol; sodium chloride 
(in excess). 

Paraldehyde — alkalies ; hydrocyanic acid ; iodi- 
des; oxidizers. 

Pepsin — alcohol; aklalies; tannic acid; vege- 
table decoctions and infusions. 

Phenacetin — acids (strong); alkalies (strong); 
carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; iodine; oxidizers; 
piperazine; pyrocatechin; salicylic acid. 

Phenocoll Hydrochloride — acids (nitric or 
nitro-hydrochloric) ; alum; benzoates; chloral 
hydrate; cinchona, compound tincture or decoc- 
tion; mercuric chloride; piperazine; potassium 
acetate, bicarbonate, bromide, citrate or sulphate. 

Phosphates — see acid phosphoric. 

Phosphorus — all oxidizers. 

Physostigmine — see alkaloids. Antagonists: 
atropine; caffeine; chloral hydrate; morphine; 
strychnine. 

Picrotoxin — acids. Antagonists: chloral hy- 
drate; morphine. 

Pilocarpine Hydrochloride — alkaloidal pre- 
cipitants; calomel; potassium permanganate. 
Antagonists: atropine, 



123 



Piperazine — acetanilid; alkaloidal salts; alum; 
butyl-chloral hydrate; carbolic acid; chloral 
hydrate; copper sulphate; ferric chloride; ferrous 
sulphate; mercuric chloride; phenacetin; pheno- 
coll hydrochloride; picric acid; potassium per- 
manganate; quinine; silver nitrate; solution arsenic 
and mercury iodide ; sodium salicylate ; spirit nitrous 
ether; tannic acid. 

Potassa, Sulphurated — acids; acid salts. 

Potassium and Sodium Tartrate — acids; am- 
monium chloride; barium salts; calcium salts; 
lead salts; magnesium sulphate; silver nitrate; 
sodium sulphate. 

Potassium Permanganate — acids (mineral); al- 
cohol; ammonia; arsenites; bromides, carbolic 
acid; chlorides; charcoal; fats; ferrous salts; 
glycerine; gums; hydrogen dioxide; hypophos- 
phites; hyposulphites; mercurous salts; oils; 
organic substances; oxalic acid; oxalates; picric 
acid; piperazine; sulphites; tannic acid; tartaric 
acid. 

Pyoktanin — alkalies; mercuric chloride. 

Pyrocatechin — acetanilid; alkalies; antipyrin; 
ammonium carbonate; bromal hydrate; butyl- 
chloral hydrate; camphor; camphor mono-bro- 
mated; carbolic acid; chloral hydrate; diuretin; 
euphorin; exalgin; ferric chloride; lead acetate; 
menthol; naphtalin; naphtol; nitric acid; phen- 
acetin; pyrogallol; resorcin; salol; sodium 
phosphate; thymol; urea; urethane. 

P yrog all ol — alkalies ; ammonia ; antipy rine ; 
camphor; carbolic acid; diuretin; exalgin; fer- 



124 



ric acetate or chloride; ferrous sulphate; gold 
salts; iodine; lead acetate; lime water; menthol; 
mercury salts; potassium permanganate; pyro- 
catechin; sodium phosphate; urea; urethane. 

Quinine and Salts — like alkaloids. 

Resin — carbolic acid; caustic alkalies; menthol; 
salol; thymol; urethane. 

Resorcin — acetanilid; albumin; alkalies; an- 
tipyrin; camphor; exalgin; ferric chloride; men- 
thol; potassium iodide (in alk. sol.); spirit nitrous 
ether; urethane. 

Rhubarb — acids (mineral); ferrous sulphate; 
infusion of catechu; cinchona or galls; lead acetate; 
lime water; mercuric chloride; silver nitrate; 
tartar emetic; zinc sulphate. 

Salicylates — see acid, salicylic. 

Salol — alkalies (with heat); bromine water; 
camphor; camphor monobromated; carbolic 
acid; chloral hydrate; exalgin; ferric chloride; 
naphtalin; pyrocatechin ; resin; thymol; urethane. 

Sarsaparilla — galls infusion; lead acetate; 
lime water; mercuric chloride (with comp. syr. of). 

Senna — acids (mineral); carbonates; cinchona 
infusion; lead acetate; lime water; mercuric 
chloride; silver nitrate; tartar emetic. 

Silver Nitrate — acetates; alcohol; alkalies; 
antimony salts; arsenites; bromides; carbonates; 
chlorides; chromates; creosote; cyanides; copper 
salts; ferrous sulphate; glucose; hypophosphites ; 
iodides; morphine salts; oils; manganous salts; 
organic substances; phosphates; sulphides; sul- 



125 



phates; tartrates; vegetable astringent infusions 
and decoctions. 

Silver Oxide — antimony and arsenic sulphides; 
bismuth ; copper, iron and mercury salts ; creosote ; 
iodine; organic substances; phosphorus; tannic 
acid. 

Sodium Hyposulphite (Thiosulphate) — acids; 
barium, lead, mercurous ,and silver salts; arsenic 
and ferric salts, and chromates and permanganates 
(all in acid solution) ; chlorates; iodine; nitrates; 
oxidizers. 

Sodium Phosphate — alkaloids; antipyrine; car- 
bolic acid; chloral hydrate; lead acetate; pyro- 
catechin; pyrogallol; resorcin; salicylic acid; 
sodium salicylate. See also acid, phosphoric. 

Solution Arsenic and Mercury Iodide (Dono- 
van's Solution) — alkaloids; caustic alkalies; 
piperazine. See also acid arsenous and iodides. 

Solution Lead Sub acetate — acacia; acids 
(organic); albumin; alkaloids; antipyrine; glu- 
cosides. Otherwise like lead acetate. 

Solution Sodium Silicate — acacia; acids; 
alcohol. 

Spirit Ammonia, Aromatic— acids; acid salts; 
lime water; aqueous fluids. 

Spirit Camphor — acacia; aqueous fluids; gelatin. 

Spirit Lemon— acacia, aqueous fluids; gelatin. 

Spirits Nitrous Ether — acacia; acetanilid; 
alkalies; antipyrin; carbonates; ferrous sulphate; 
gelatin; guaiac tincture; iodides; morphine; 
tannic acid; piperazine; preparations of uva ursi; 
thymol. See also nitrites. 



126 



Spirit Peppermint — acacia; aqeuous fluids; 
gelatin. 

Starch (in Solution) — acids; alcohol; alka- 
lies; diastase; iodine; lead subacetate; lime 
water; tannic acid. 

Stramonium — -acids (mineral) salts of iron, 
lead, mercury and silver. Otherwise like bella- 
donna. 

Strontium Salts — alkalies; carbonates; chro- 
mates; oxalates; phosphates; sulphates. 

Strychnine — all alkaloidal precipitants. An- 
tagonists: aconite; alcohol; amyl nitrite; atro- 
pine ; chloral hydrate ; chloroform ; curarine ; digitalis ; 
hydrocyanic acid; morphine; nicotine; paralde- 
hyde; physostigmine; potassium bromide; ure- 
thane. 

Sulphates — see acid sulphuric. 

Sulphur — potassium chlorate; potassium per- 
manganate. 

Taraxacum — galls infusion, iron, lead, mercury 
and silver salts. 

Tartar Emetic — see antimony and potassium 
tartrate. 

Terebene — chlorine; bromine; iodine; water. 

Theobromine Salts — gold, mercury, and silver 
salts; water. See also diuretin. 

Thymol — Acetanilid ; antipyrin ; butyl-chloral 
hydrate; camphor; camphor monobromated; 
carbolic acid; chloral' hydrate; exalgin; gold 
salts; menthol; pyrocatechin ; quinine sulphate; 
resin; salol; spirit nitrous ether ; ur ethane. 



127 



Tragacanth — alcohol; copper sulphate; fer- 
rous sulphate; lead acetate (basic and neutral). 

Urea — bromal hydrate; chloral hydrate; lead 
acetate; pyrocatechin; pyrogallol. 

Urethane — aldehydes; alkalies; antipyrin; 
benzoic acid; bromal hydrate; butyl-chloral 
hydrate; camphor; carbonates; carbolic acid; 
exalgin; menthol; naphtol; pyrocatechin; pyro- 
gallol; resin; resorcin; salicylic acid; salol; thymol. 

Uva Ursi — alkalies; gelatin; cinchona infusion; 
iron and lead salts; opium; silver nitrate; spirit 
nitrous ether; tartar emetic. 

Valerian — cinchona infusion; iron and silver 
salts. 

Vegetable Preparations — iron and lead salts. 

Water — alcoholic extracts and tinctures; alka- 
loids generally; collodion; fats; oils; gum resins; 
resins; resinous extracts and tinctures. 

Zinc Salts— acacia ; alkalies; arsenates; car- 
bonates; cyanides; lime water; milk; oxalates; 
phosphates; sulphates; sulphides; vegetable 
astringent decoctions and infusions. 



EXAMPLES OF INCOMPATIBILITY IN 
J$ PRESCRIPTIONS* 

Sodii Boratis, gr x 

Zinci Sulphatis, gr n 

Aquae Camphorae, f 5 j 

Aquae Rosae, qs. ad., f5 ~j 

M. Sig. Put one drop in each eye night and 
morning. 

The zinc is entirely precipitated by the borax, 
producing a white flocculent precipitate of zinc 
borate or hydrate. If dispensed, the precipitate 
should be filtered out. 

I* 

Iodine, gr. xxx 

Spirit of Camphor, f § j 

Soap Liniment, f § nj 

Mix and label. Apply as directed. 

This makes a clear brownish-red solution, which 
on standing two or three days loses much of its 
color, becoming light brown. On applying the 
starch test for free iodine no blue color was obtained 
According to Muir and Morley, iodine with cam. 
phor forms a hydrocarbon and other substances 

9. — 

Liquor Ferri Chloridi, f3 ij 

Potassii Chloratis, gr xxx 

Glycerini, f3 ~j 

M. Sig. Teaspoonful twice a day. 

*From Ruddiman's "Incompatibilities in Prescriptions." 
John Wiley & Sons, Publishers. 

(128) 



129 



There is considerable danger of having an explo- 
sion in attempting to fill this. If the potassium 
chlorate is rubbed with the glycerin, explosion 
is liable to take place or if the chlorate be added 
to the solution of ferric chloride, which always 
contains some free hydrochloric acid, chlorine 
will be formed, and this will act upon the glycerin, 
converting it into oxalic and carbonic acids. In 
filling this the temperature should not go above 
70°F., and then the bottle should be loosely stop- 
pered for a time before giving out. 

Iodoform, 

Tannic acid, aa o ij 

Mix and label. Dust over abraided surface. 
No change is noticed in the appearance of this 
mixture on standing. The odor of the iodoform 
slowly diminishes, and, according to the U. S. 
Dispensatory (17th Ed.), this is due to the decom- 
position of the iodoform by the tannic acid. 

Sodii Salicylatis, 5 ij ss 

Syrupi Limonis, f 5 ij 

M. Sig. Teaspoonful three times a day. 
On standing, the citric acid in the syrup com- 
bines with the sodium, liberating salicylic acid, 
which, being only sparingly soluble in water is 
precipitated in needle-shaped crystals. This can 
be dispensed as a shake mixture. The precipi- 



130 



tation is rather tardy and it would be well to 
give notice of the change which will take place. 

3 

Liquoris Potass. Arsenitis, f 5 j 

Hydrargyri Chloridi Cor., gr j 

Aquae, io iv 

Misce et fiat sol. Sig. Dessertspoonful three 
times a day. 

Fowler's solution is alkaline, due to the excess 
of potassium bicarbonate used in making the 
solution. Boiling with water converts the bicar- 
bonate into the normal carbonate of potassium to 
some extent. Either the bicarbonate or the normal 
carbonate precipitates mercuric chloride in solution 
as the red-brown mercuric oxychloride. If the 
solution of arsenous acid be used, instead of Fowler's 
solution it will not give a precipitate with corrosive 
sublimate. 

I* 

Quininae Sulph., gr x 

Potassi Acetatis, gr xx 

Acidi Sulphurici Dil., gtt iv 

Aquae, q. s. ad, f 5 j 

M. S. Teaspoonful after meals. 
On dissolving the quinine sulphate in part of 
the cinnamon water with the aid of the sulphuric 



131 



acid, then adding the potassium acetate previously 
dissolved in the remainder of the water, a volu- 
minous precipitate of quinine acetate is obtained. 
Quinine acetate is only sparingly soluble in water, 
and the amount here formed is so large and bulky 
that it is difficult to pour out an even dose. 

Acid Carbolici, oiss 

Aquae, q. s ad. 5 j 

M. S. Use with camel-hair brush. 

Water can be added to carbolic acid, until the 
proportion is about 3 parts of acid to 1 part of 
water, forming a clear solution. (Allen). On 
adding more water the acid separates as an oily 
liquid, going to the bottom. When water has 
been added so that the proportion is about 1 part 
of acid to 15 parts of water, a clear solution again 
results. In this prescription there will be a layer 
of liquefied acid in the bottom of the bottle. If 
the brush should remain in the bottle between the 
periods of using it there is danger that it will be- 
come saturated with the strong acid and that it 
will be applied in this condition. By the use of 
some glycerin in place of part of the water a clear 
solution can be made and this is what should be 
done. 

% ^_ 

Syrupi Acidi Hydriodici, f B ij 

Bismuthi Subnit, 5 iss 

M. S. Teaspoonful three times a day. 



132 



The bismuth subnitrate is insoluble in the syrup, 
but a chemical reaction takes place between it 
and the hydriodic acid, as is evidenced by the 
change in color. Bismuth subnitrate is white; 
on mixing it with the syrup the color becomes 
yellow, and within a few minutes it turns to a 
dark brown and then grayish black. On allowing 
the precipitate to settle it appears to be a mixture 
of two compounds, one yellow and the other dark 
gray. According to Watts' Dictionary, the oxyio- 
dide of bismuth is copper-colored and the bismuth 
iodide is a brilliant gray. 

Alcohol, 30 cc. 

Iodine, 10 gm. 

Turpentine, 200 cc. 

Mix. To be used as a spray. 

If the turpentine is poured upon the iodine 
violent chemical reaction results, with the for- 
mation of violet fumes of vaporized iodine, caused 
by the heat generated. While there is not enough 
of alcohol to dissolve all of the iodine, it is best 
to dissolve as much as possible before adding 
the turpentine, which should be added in small 
portions, cooling the mixture if necessary. Upon 
standing the liquid separates into two layers. The 
lower one being much smaller in amount and very 
dark colored, is probably the alcohol holding most 
of the iodine in solution ; the upper stratum is very 
much lighter in color and is probably the turpen- 



133 



tine. Turpentine and alcohol are not miscible in 
all proportions. 

Bismuth Subnit., 5 I 

Sodii B icarbonatis, grxxx 

M. Fiant pil., No. XX. 

In mixing these two substances chemical reaction 
takes place, with the liberation of carbon dioxide, 
which causes the mass to swell to several times its 
original size. This reaction goes on slowly requiring 
several hours for its completion, and the mass 
should not be made into pills until the reaction 
has been completed. If the subcarbonate had been 
substituted for the subnitrate incompatibility 
would have been avoided and the same physiologic 
effects obtained. 

^ 

Potassii Bromidi, grxv 

Hydrargyri Chlor. Mitis. grxv 

Misce et fiat pulvis: Mitte tales No. XII. 

If the ingredients are powdered separately 
and are perfectly dry when mixed no chemical 
reaction takes place. But upon addition of water 
or in the presence of moisture the powder becomes 
dark gray in color. The darkening is due to the 
formation of metallic mercury. At the same time 
some of the calomel is converted into a mercuric 



134 



salt, rendering the prescription dangerous. It 
should not be dispensed. 

Morphinae Sulph., gr n 

vSp. Aetheris Nitrosi, 

Aquae, a a fo ss 

Misce. Signa: Capiat cochleare unum parvum 
quoties requiritur. 

The nitrous ether acts upon the morphine giving a 
yellowish green solution. Morphine is undoubtedly 
oxidized by the nitrous acid, but the products 
have not been determined. 

Liq. Plumbi Subacet. Dil., 

Tinctural Opii, a a fo ss 

Aquae, f5 j 

M. S. Lotion. 

This is a very common combination. Lead 
subacetate forms compounds with nearly all alka- 
loids, and these are insoluble in water. The 
opium alkaloids are no exceptions. The alcohol 
of the tincture undoubtedly tends to prevent the 
precipitation to some extent, though there is still 
quite a heavy one. The mixture should not be 
filtered. 



135 



Cocainae Hydrochlor., grv 

Sodae Boratis, gr ij 

Aquae Dest., O j 

'M. S. Drop one drop in right eye at night. 

Borax is alkaline in reaction and precipitates 
nearly all alkaloids from solutions of their salts. 
It precipitates the cocaine in this prescription, 
but the difficulty can be prevented by the use of 
a little glycerin. The glycerin acts chemically 
on the borax, breaking it up and forming sodium 
metaborate and boric acid. If boric acid were 
used instead of borax no precipitation would occur. 

R 

Sp. Ammoniae Arom., foil 

Liquoris Calcis, f5nss 

M. S. Dessertspoonful as needed. 

On mixing these two ingredients together a 
white precipitate of calcium carbonate is formed, 
the spirit containing ammonium carbonate. The 
lime water also throws out of solution the oils of 
the aromatic spirit. Whether the precipitate 
should be filtered out or not must depend upon 
the conditions for which the medicine is prescribed. 



136 



POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES* 

In treating cases of poisoning, four indications 
must be kept in mind: (A) How to most quickly 
get the bulk of the posion out of the stomach 
by forcibly emptying it; (B) how to antidote the 
residual poison after evacuating the stomach; (C) 
how to eliminate from the system the poison that 
has entered the blood or gone on into the intestines; 
(D) how to treat the dangerous symptoms as they 
arise from the effects of the poison. 

Acetanilid, Antifebrin, Antipyrin. — Place 
patient in a recumbent position, allow plenty of 
fresh air; give stimulants (brandy, whisky, aro- 
matic spirits of ammonia, etc.) Apply heat exter- 
nally; use atropine or belladonna to maintain 
blood pressure; strychnine to aid respiration; 
oxygen inhalations if there is excessive cyanosis. 

Acid Acetic. — Administer magnesia freely; soap 
and water; lime water; chalk; milk, oils and 
thick gruels may be given. 

Acid Carbolic. — Unless great destruction of 
mucous membrane has occurred, produce vomiting 
by means of warm water containing some sodium 
bicarbonate or zinc sulphate; mustard; apomor- 
phine. Demulcent drinks, flaxseed or elm tea, 
and white of egg beaten up with water, protect 
mucous surfaces. Do not give oils or glycerin. 
As stimulants use whiskey, alcohol, ammonia, etc., 
hypodermically if need be; warmth; friction. 

*From Merck's Report Ready Reference. (Adapted to 
veterinary practice. When vomiting is mentioned it is under- 
stood to refer to the smaller animals as the pig, dog and cat; 
not to the herbivora) . 



137 



Opium relieves pain. Excite counter irritation 
over the abdomen. Give digitalis and strychnine 
if needed. Recently whiskey and brandy have 
been warmly recommended, followed in a few 
minutes by a hypodermic injection of apomorphine 
to produce vomiting. A Dublin veterinarian, 
Allen, has lately recommended turpentine for 
carbolic acid poisoning. 

Acid, Carbonic and Coal Gas. — Bring the 
patient at once into the open air. If the respira- 
tory movements have ceased, cold water should 
be dashed on the face and chest, to awaken them to 
reflex action. If no effect is thereby produced resort 
to artificial respiration which should be continued 
for at least an hour. A series of quick sharp blows 
over the cardiac region will sometimes start the 
heart into action after it has stopped. Inhalation 
of oxygen or ammonia vapor, or an enema of black 
coffee, and venesection, may be of service. 

Acid, Chromic, Potassium Chromate and 
Bichromate. — Evacuate the stomach with K oz. of 
mustard stirred to a cream with 1 ounce of water ; 
(man or dog), or with zinc sulphate, apomorphine; 
ipecac or pump. Follow with magnesium oxide or 
carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or chalk, in water; 
as demulcent drinks give barley, elm, or flaxseed 
water. 

Acid, Hydrocyanic, Cyanides, Cherry-Laurel 
Water, Oil Bitter Almond. — Fifteen minims of 
official acid, or 1 grain of anhydrous acid, usually 
kills (man or dog) in 10 to 15 minutes. Place 
in recumbent position, allow plenty of fresh air; 
empty the stomach by mustard, zinc sulphate, 



138 



or pump; keep the body warm. If breathing 
ceases, use artificial respiration, mild faradic 
current to the heart, alternate cold and warm 
affusion to head, chest and spine; administer 
ammonia by inhalation or give it by mouth or 
veins; inject atropine solution 2 to 4 drops every 
half hour, to assist the heart's action. Ferrous 
sulphate with ferric sulphate, followed by potas- 
sium carbonate, yields inert Prussian blue. Ferrous 
sulphate alone or with calcined magnesia renders 
the acid insoluble, but the action of the acid is so 
quick that there is scarcely time for the applications 
of many remedies. Brandy by the mouth, skin, or 
rectum has been found valuable. 

Acid, Oxalic and Oxalates. — Half to one 
ounce usually proves fatal (man or dog). If not 
already vomited by the poison, empty the stom- 
ach at once with mustard, zinc sulphate, pump 
or tube, then neutralize with chalk, whiting, or 
wall plaster in water, or lime water itself, never 
with sodium, potassium or ammonia salts, as 
these form soluble oxalates; apply hot fomenta- 
tions to the loins. Give an enema to empty the 
bowels. Give much water to facilitate elimina- 
tion by the kidneys. 

Acids, Mineral: Hydrochloric, Nitric, 
nltrohydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric. 

One to four drams of the stronger acids usually 
proves fatal (man and dog). Neutralize with 
sodium bicarbonate, calcined magnesia, lime, chalk, 
or wall plaster mixed with water; if none of these 
are accessible, dilute and wash out the stomach 
with considerable water. One may use with 



139 



advantage any of the following — soap, milk, gruel, 
olive and almond oil, eggs beaten up. Avoid the 
stomach pump as it might perforate the softened 
oesophagus. 

Aconite and Aconitine. — Thirty to sixty 
drops of tincture or one-twentieth grain of alka- 
loid generally prove fatal (man or dog). Evacu- 
ate the stomach at once with zinc sulphate, apo- 
morphine, mustard, or pump; place in a recum- 
bent position, the head the lowest; apply warmth 
to the extremities; give solution, four drops hypo- 
dermically, or, give tincture of belladonna twenty 
drops by the mouth, repeated. If heart syncope 
presents, give tincture of digitalis fifteen drops 
hypodermically or thirty drops by the mouth. 
As stimulants, use ammonia, brandy, strychnine, 
mustard plasters to the chest. Aid vomiting 
and elimination of the poison by abundant water, 
to which may be added brandy or alcohol in any 
form. Inhale amyl nitrate, or oxygen, and if 
breathing stops use artificial respiration. Animal 
charcoal and tannin are of service. 

(The doses of the antidotes mentioned above 
are for man and dog ; for larger animals the dosage 
should be in proportion to size.) 

Alcohol. — Inebriation somewhat resembles 
opium poisoning and concussion of the brain. 
Empty the stomach, wash out well with warm 
coffee, keep the body very warm, but apply cold 
douche to the head; allow plenty of fresh air; 
apply interrupted current to the respiratory muscles ; 
ammonia water or amyl nitrite to the nostrils; 
keep the patient awake mechanically by shaking, 
shouting, etc. 



140 



Alkalies, Potassa, Soda and Ammonia. — 
They usually cause vomiting, but if they do not, 
accomplish this by plenty of luke-warm water, 
to be followed by vinegar (dilute acetic acid, 
lemon or orange juice, tartaric or citric acid solu- 
tion, 2 drams to a pint of water); olive oil (1 to 
4 drams for man and dog) ; egg white, milk, demul- 
cent drinks (arrowroot, elm, barley, or flaxseed 
water) to protect the mucous membranes and 
sustain vital powers. May always give plenty of 
water and relieve pain with laudanum or hypo- 
dermics of morphine. 

Alkaloids in General. — Tannin generally forms 
comparatively insoluble tannates; albumin; iodine 
and charcoal also of service; use emetics and 
cathartics later. 

Ammonia. — Administer vinegar, lemon juice, 
orange juice, or any vegetable acid, followed by 
demulcents to protect the mucous surfaces. When 
inhaled, give vapor of acetic or hydrochloric acid 
or chlorine water by inhalation. 

Amyl Nitrite. — Atropine, ergotin, or strych- 
nine hypodermically are the best antidotes ; stimul- 
ants, alternate hot and cold douches, with cold 
to the head, and artificial respiration are also useful 
measures. 

Antimony Compounds, Tartar Emetic. — In 
man, 2 to 5 grains have occasioned death, while 
several drams have failed to produce more than 
great vomiting and alarming general symptoms. 
Should these fail to cause the patient to vomit 
one must create this by mustard, zinc sulphate, 
apomorphine or pump; follow with strong tea 



141 



or coffee, solution of tannic or gallic acid, to form 
an insoluble compound. Give demulcent drinks 
(flaxseed, slippery elm, egg white, milk); opium 
and stimulants in small but frequent doses. If 
the body be cold, apply blankets; faradic current 
over the heart if necessary. Instead of tannin, 
freshly precipitated ferric hydroxide can be used, 
following with opium or morphine for the pain. 

Antipyrin. — See Acetanilid. 

Apocynin. — Like Digitalis. 

Arsenic Compounds. — Unless the poison itself 
vomits, accomplish this with mustard, zinc sul- 
phate, apomorphine, pump, or tube. Either 
wash out the stomach with a large quantity of 
water or give freshly precipitated hydrated oxide 
of iron, made by double decomposition between 
any ferric solution and a solution of either diluted 
ammonia water, sodium carbonate, or magnesium 
oxide, the object being to form insoluble ferric 
arsenite or arsenate. The ammonia acts as a stimul- 
ant, the calcined magnesia as an aperient. One 
may give with advantage, oil, mucilaginous drinks, 
egg white, and in cases of faintness, stimulants. 
If the skin be cold, apply hot blankets, and relieve 
the pain by opium or morphine; one may conclude 
with a dose of castor oil. 

Atropine. — See Belladonna. 

Barium Compounds. — See Lead compounds. 

Belladonna or Atropine, Hyoscyamus or 
Hyoscyamine, Stramonium or Daturine, Dul- 
camara or Solanine, Duboisia or Duboisine. — 
Empty the stomach by mustard, zinc sulphate 



142 



apomorphine, pump or tube; give strong infu- 
sion of coffee, or tea by the mouth or rectum; 
also pilocarpine nitrate; or instead, use mor- 
phine, opium, or physostigmine to antagonize 
the nervous disturbances of the poison. Apply 
hot water to the feet; alternate douches of hot 
and cold water are useful. Give stimulants (whiskey 
or brandy), ammonia to the nostrils; also practise 
artificial respiration. 

Benzene. — Evacuate the stomach (mustard, 
zinc sulphate, apomorphine, ipecac, pump). Give 
abundant fresh air; hypodermic of atropine, or 
tincture of belladonna. Apply alternately hot 
and cold water douches to the chest; practise 
artificial respiration, and apply a mild interrupted 
current over the heart. 

Blue Stone. — See copper, under mercury com- 
pounds. 

Bromides. — Give strong coffee, caffeine citrate, 
digitalis; morphine is antagonistic to mental 
symptoms; ergot and belladonna are sometimes 
used. 

Bromine. — Give albumin, starch, gelatin, sodium 
or potassium carbonate or bicarbonate. Against 
the irritant vapor, inhalations of steam and am- 
monia vapor may be employed. 

Brucine. — See strychnine. 

Calabar Bean. — See Physostigma. 

Camphor. — Empty the stomach (by mustard, 
zinc sulphate, pump, etc.) ; give alcohol or brandy 
in small and frequent doses (best hypodermically) 
ether inhalations; alternate hot and cold douches; 
warmth to the extremities by hot blankets, etc. 



143 



Cannabis Indica. — Treat as in opium, but 
also in the first stages use lemon juice. 

Cantharides or Cantharidin. — In man or 
dog a half dram of powder or one ounce of the 
tincture usually proves fatal. Empty the stomach 
(mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, ipecac, 
pump); allay pain with morphine hypodermically 
or tincture of opium (through the mouth or rectum). 
Give plenty of demulcent drinks (barley, elm, 
flaxseed tea, gruel or pure water) but no oils or oily 
emulsion, in which cantharidin is very soluble; opium 
stimulants, warm baths, cataplasms to the abdomen. 

Carbon Disulphide. — Quiet the nervous excite- 
ment with potassium bromide and chloral; support 
the circulation with stimulants; may vomit with 
mustard at first; ammonia to nostrils, warmth 
to the body, cold douche to the head; artificial 
respiration. 

Castor Beans. — In man three seeds in one 
case, and twenty in another, have caused death 
in two and five days respectively. As soon as 
they have been swallowed give an emetic (mustard, 
etc.); later give demulcent drinks, opium to 
quiet violent symptoms which resemble those of 
cholera. 

Cat Bites. — See Dog Bites. 

Cherry-Laurel Water. — See Acid Hydro- 
cyanic. 

Chloral. — One-half to one dram may prove 
fatal (small animals) ; empty the stomach (mustard, 
zinc. sulphate, apomorphine, ipecac, pump). When 
the stomach is empty introduce coffee by tube 



144 



(mouth or rectum); keep limbs warm (friction, 
mustard plasters, water bags). Administer hypo- 
dermically, fresh 2% solution of strychnine nitrate 
every fifteen minutes. Picrotoxin may be substi- 
tuted for strychnine. Arouse the patient and keep 
him awake by coffee, caffeine, flagellation, shaking, 
shouting; apply ammonia to the nostrils, cold to 
the head; amyl nitrite inhalation to stimulate the 
heart; practise artificial respiration if necessary. 

Chlorates (and Nitrates — potassium, sodium, 
etc.) — Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc sul- 
phate, apomorphine) . Give plenty of water and 
mucilaginous drinks to dilute the poison, opium 
to relieve the pain; amyl nitrite inhalations; 
avoid stimulants that would increase kidney conges- 
tion, keep warm by hot fomentations to the loins. 

Chloroform or Ether, Nitrous Oxide Gas. — 
Withdraw the inhalation at once, lower well the 
head; pull the tongue forward so as to admit 
plenty of fresh air. Use artificial respiration 
and heat; weak current — one pole at the larynx, 
the other on the pit of the stomach (not far from 
the diaphragm). Apply hot and cold douche; 
inhale amyl nitrite. If the heart has stopped, 
give several taps over that region, inhale ammonia, 
give brandy, atropine, strychnine. If swallowed 
evacuate the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, 
apomorphine, pump); enema of hot coffee, large 
draughts of water, containing sodium carbonate or 
bicarbonate, and proceed as if inhaled. 

Chlorinated Lime. — Administer albumin, mu- 
cilaginous drinks, oils, milk, or flour and water; 



145 



avoid acids. Opium and alcohol are used for 
the vital depression. 

Chlorine. — Against chlorine preparations in 
the stomach employ albumin or ammonia water 
in small quantity and well diluted; emesis with 
warm water, then white of egg, or milk, flour, 
or lime water. Ammonia vapor is used against 
inhaled chlorine. 

Coal Gas. — Carbon monoxide is the poisonous 
agent. See also Acid, Carbonic. 

Cobalt. — See Arsenic. 

Cocaine. — Resembles closely atropine in its 
general action as to pulse, pupils, respiration, 
sweat glands and bowels. Give one of the usual 
emetics, then tannin. Morphine is probably the 
best all round antagonist; then in sequence, chloral, 
chloroform, and ether. Give amyl nitrite to 
counteract heart depression; alcohol and opium 
to stimulate the heart; should these fail, use 
artificial respiration. One may employ ammonia 
inhalations and caffeine. 

Cocculus Indicus. — See Strychnine. 

Codeine. — See Opium. 

Colchicum (wine or tincture; Colocynth, 
Elaterium). — If vomiting and purging have not 
occurred, accomplish the former by one of the 
usual emetics (mustard, zinc sulphate, ipecac, 
apomorphine, or pump); follow with tannic or 
gallic acid, or strong tea or coffee; plenty of water 
and demulcent drinks; opium or morphine to 
allay the pain in the stomach, purging, and to 
antagonize heart depression, stimulants (alcohol, 



146 



whiskey, etc.). Keep the extremities warm and 
apply hot fomentations to the abdomen. 

Colocynth. — See Colchicum. 

Conium (or Coniine). — Empty the stomach 
(mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, pump); 
apply external warmth (hot wraps, bags or bot- 
tles), give strong tea, coffee, tannic, or gallic acid 
or any solution containing tannin; stimulants, 
artificial respiration; strychnine, picrotoxin, active 
exercise; castor oil. 

Convallaria. — See Digitalis. 

Copper Compounds. — See Mercury Compounds. 

Corrosive Sublimate. — See Mercury Com- 
pounds. 

Creosote. — Practically the same as with Carbolic 
Acid. 

Croton Oil. — Empty the stomach (mustard, 
zinc sulphate, apomorphine, pump); give tinc- 
ture of opium or morphine hypodermically, until 
pain and purging are abated. Give demulcent 
drinks (elm, flaxseed water, mucilage, milk, olive 
oil, albumin, soup) ; spirit of camphor in milk, 
stimulants (brandy, alcohol, whiskey, ammonia), 
warm baths are also used. 

Curarine (or Curare). — If introduced in a 
wound and all is not removed apply ligature, 
suck the injured part, washing it out with slightly 
alkaline solution of potassium permanganate; 
apply warmth to the loins, plenty of water internally, 
artificial respiration; spirit of nitrous ether rapidly 
eliminates the poison through the urine. The great 
difficulty is in sustaining life by artificial respiration 
until elimination begins. 



147 



Cyanides. — See Acid Hydrocyanic. 

Oil Bitter Almond. — See Acid Hydrocyanic. 

Cytisine (or Laburnum Seeds). — Induce vom- 
iting and wash out the stomach with strong tea 
or coffee; follow with enema or quick purgative; 
stimulant; rouse the patient by hot and cold 
douche. 

Daturine. — See Belladonna. 

Digitalis (or Digitalin); Scillain [Scillitin], 
(Strophanthus, Strophanthin, Convallaria, Sco- 
parius). — Evacuate the stomach (mustard, zinc 
sulphate, apomorphine, pump). Follow with strong 
tea or coffee or tannic or gallic acid in water. 
Hypodermic solution of aconitine nitrate may 
be given, or tincture of aconite by mouth; if this 
has given good results repeat in thirty minutes, 
keep the patient quiet and do not allow an erect 
position, as that may cause fainting to death. 
Give stimulants frequently by the mouth, or if 
vomiting occurs, by the rectum. When the drug 
has been in continuous use, opium is the best 
antidote. Saponin and Senegin are the best 
physiologic antagonists. 

Dog Bites (and Cat Bites). — Suck out the 
wound well with the mouth, wash with a weak 
alkaline solution (ammonia, caustic potash, etc.), 
then cauterize with lunar caustic. 

Duboisia (and Duboisine). — See Belladonna. 

Dulcamara (and Solanin). — See Belladonna. 

Elaterium. — See Colchicum. 

Ergot. — Evacuate the stomach (mustard, zinc 
sulphate, apomorphine, pump). Give purgative 
(Croton Oil) and assist the action by plenty of 



148 



warm drinks. Tannic or gallic acid may be useful; 
after vomiting and purging, administer small 
doses of opium at intervals. Nitroglycerin every 
15 minutes has been effective. Allow a recumbent 
position. Apply warmth and friction to maintain 
the circulation; stimulants; amyl nitrite. 

Eserine. — See Physostigma. 

Ether. — See Chloroform. 

Fish Poison. — Administer emetics and cathar- 
tics; potassium chlorate; solution ammonium 
acetate; opium; capsicum or chloroform. 

Fowler's Solution. — See Arsenic. 

Fungi. — See Mushrooms. 

Gelsemium (and Gelsemine). — Empty the stom- 
ach (mustard or pump) ; give atropine hypodermi- 
cally or tincture of belladonna by mouth; apply 
external heat by rubbing; stimulants (digitalis, 
ammonia, coffee, alcohol, artificial respiration, 
electricity); rouse the patient by hot and cold 
douches. 

Glonoin. — Like Amyl Nitrite. 

Gold Salts. — Like Mercury compounds. 

Hyoscine. — Similar to Belladonna, but chloral 
is used here with great advantage. 

Hyoscyamus (and Hyoscyamine) . — See Bella- 
donna. 

Ignatia. — See Strychnine. 

Iodine. — Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc 
sulphate, apomorphine, pump) ; follow with starch 
diffused in hot water or as a paste, or flour in warm 
water; farinaceous substances (arrow-root, boiled 
rice, thin gruel); demulcent drinks; may inhale 



149 



amyl nitrite and relieve the pain by opium and 
morphine. 

Laburnum Seeds. — See Cytisine. 

Lactucarium. — See Opium. 

Laudanum. — See Opium. 

Lead Compounds (Lead Chromate and Ace- 
tate; Barium Compounds). — If acute, empty the 
stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine, 
pump); follow with sulphate of magnesium or 
sodium, or dilute sulphuric acid; milk, demul- 
cent drinks. For the pain give opium or mor- 
phine; for lead colic, apply hot fomentations. If 
it be chronic lead poisoning, recognized by a blue 
line (sulphide) along the margin of the gums, para- 
lyzed extensors, constipation, etc., give iodides 
to saturation (sodium and calcium iodides being 
best); sulphurated potassa baths. 

Lobelia. — If the patient has failed to vomit, 
use emetics; follow with tannin, stimulants, strych- 
nine, opiates. 

Lunar Caustic. — See Silver Compounds. 

Matches. — See Phosphorus. 

Mercury Compounds (also Copper Compounds). 
— Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, 
apomorphine, ipecac, pump); follow with albumin 
(white of one egg to every 4 grains of corrosive 
sublimate. Too much must not be given lest the 
precipitate formed by the mercuric salt and albumin 
be redissolved. Now give an emetic — warm water 
with sodium bicarbonate, zinc sulphate or mustard, 
and wash out the stomach with demulcent drinks 
(flaxseed or elm). If egg white is not convenient, 
one may use for mercury salts, gluten, wheat flour 



150 



in paste form, milk, or chop and diffuse in water 
fresh meat and administer the broth. Morphine 
for pain. For copper compounds also use stimul- 
ants; relieve the pain with opium or give reduced 
iron or weak solution of potassium f errocyanide ; 
then potassium iodide until the system is saturated 
to promote elimination. 

Morphine Salts. — See Opium. 

Muscarine. — See Mushrooms. 

Mushrooms (and Poisonous Fungi; also Mus- 
carine). — Empty the stomach (mustard, zinc 
sulphate, apomorphine, pump) ; inject at once 
solution of atropine, or after emesis give tincture 
of belladonna every half hour; castor oil and 
enema to remove fungi from lower bowel; stimul- 
ants; the body should also be kept warm. 

Nicotine. — See Tobacco. 

Nitrates. — See Chlorates. 

Nitrobenzene. — (Oil Mirbane). — Empty the 
stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, pump), wash- 
ing it out with plenty of warm water if possible. 
Give stimulants by the mouth, the rectum or 
hypodermically ; artificial respiration which must 
be maintained by weak, interrupted currents to 
the chest wall. Rouse the patient by the douche; 
hypodermic atropine may be useful. 

Nitroglycerin. — Like Amyl Nitrite. 

Nitrous Oxide Gas. — See Chloroform. . 

Nux Vomica. — See Strychnine. 

Oil Bitter Almond.— See Acid Hydrocyanic. 

Oil Mirbane. — See Nitrobenzene. 

Opium (also Laudanum, Morphine, Codeine 
Lactucarium, Cannabis Indica) — When the poison 



151 



has been taken by the mouth give at once a solution 
of potassium permanganate, then > empty the 
stomach, which may be difficult, by pump, apomor- 
phine, mustard or zinc sulphate. Wash the 
stomach out well with hot coffee, leaving there 
a pint or more; keep the body warm with hot 
wraps, but use alternate hot and cold douches 
to the head. Use hypodermic solution of atropine 
every 15 minutes for three doses; tannin and 
strychnine are also valuable. Apply electricity 
to chest muscles and artificial respiration. Keep 
the patient awake by shaking, nicking with a 
towel, apply irg cold water over the face and chest, 
keep patient moving; give inhalation of amyl 
nitrite. Evacuate the bladder often to prevent 
reabsorption. 

Phenacetin. — Like Acetanilid. 

Phosphorus (as well as Rat Poison and Matches), 
— Empty the stomach (copper sulphate, until 
the patient has vomited sufficiently; zinc sulphate, 
mustard, pump — the copper forming insoluble 
black phosphide). Follow this with old (oxy- 
genated, acid, French) oil of turpentine in mucilage 
or floating on water; may also inhale diluted 
turpentine vapor; give charcoal or lime water to 
prevent action on tissues; also magnesium sulphate 
as a cathartic. Potassium permanganate, opium, 
and egg white may be of service, but never use fats 
or fatty oils, as these dissolve phosphorus, thus 
aiding in its absorption. It is mostly eliminated by 
the urine, hence the bladder should be frequently 
evacuated. 

Physostigma (and Physostigmine) . — Evacuate 
the stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, ipecac, 



152 



apomorphine, pump) ; hypodermic of atropine 
until pupils dilate. Should this fail, give chloral, 
or hypodermic of strychnine. Diffusible stimulants, 
coffee, alcohol, etc., are used and artificial respiration 
should be induced if necessary; empty the bladder 
often. 

Phytolacca. — It acts per se as an emeto- 
cathartic, hence after the vomiting give stimulants, 
alcohol, ether, opium, digitalis. 

Picrotoxin. — See Strychnine. 

Pilocarpus (and Pilocarpine). — Evacuate the 
stomach, follow with hypodermic of atropine, or 
tincture of belladonna, until pupils are dilated; 
may give tannin. 

Potassa.— See Alkalies. 

Potassium Bichromate and Chromate. — See 
Chromic Acid. 

Potassium Cyanide. — See Acid Hydrocyanic. 

Potassium Nitrate. — See Chlorates. 

Prussic Acid. — See Acid Hydrocyanic. 

Pulsatilla. — Give tannic acid and follow with 
an emetic; alcohol, opium, or digitalis may also 
be indicated. 

Rat Paste. — See Phosphorus; also Arsenic. 

Rhus Toxicodendron. — Rub in a saturated 
solution of lead acetate in diluted alcohol, and 
repeat for several days; 5% solution or 10% 
oleate of cocaine is also effective; a solution of 
2 drams of lead acetate and 4 drams of ammonium 
chloride in 8 fl. oz. of water has also been recom- 
mended. Internally, opium or coffee may be used 
to relieve the nervous irritability. 

Sabadilla. — See Veratrum Viride. 



153 

Savine (oil and tops; also Tansy).— If not 
vomited and the throat not inflamed, evacuate 
the stomach with mustard, zinc sulphate, ipecac, 
pump. If the bowels have not moved freely, 
give either castor oil or epsom salt; allay pain 
with morphine and demulcents. 

Scillain (Scillitin).— See Digitalis. 

Scoparius.— See Digitalis. 

Silver Compounds. — Give common salt dis- 
solved in warm water, to form insoluble silver 
chloride; or use egg white or milk; (follow with 
en emetic (mustard), and large draughts of warm 
water; give demulcent drinks (arrowroot, elm, 
flaxseed, gruel). 

Snake Bites.— Suck the wound and apply to 
it an alkaline solution of potassium permanganate 
(may inject this under the skin). In severe cobra 
poisoning, with death threatening, bleed at one 
limb and transfuse blood by the other ; give artificial 
respiration and weak interrupted galvanic shocks 
to the walls of the chest; inhale and give ammonia 
by the mouth. 

Soda. — See alkalies. 
Solanin. — See Belladonna. 

Staphisagria (Stavesacre).— Evacuate the stom- 
ach (emetics, pump, draughts of warm water; 
give tannin, charcoal, diffusible stimulants. Keep 
the patient quiet and the extremities warm. Give 
chloral hydrate, or potassium bromide; or better 
inhale chloroform for the spasms. Use all haste 
as death is usually caused by asphyxia. 

Stings (Bees, Hornets, Wasps).— Apply am- 
monia water or some alkaline solution to the 



154 



part stung; extract the sting; use stimulants, 
if necessary. One may apply an onion to the 
part, but this is not as good as ammonia. 

Stramonium. — See Belladonna. 

Strophanthus (or strophanthin) . — See Digitalis. 

Strychnine Salts (or Brucine, Ignatia, Nux 
Vomica, . Picrotoxin, Cocculus Indicus). — Remove 
the patient from all noise, quickly empty the 
stomach (mustard, zinc sulphate, apomorphine 
hypodermically) ; give tannin, charcoal, iodide 
of starch. Place the patient under chloroform, 
ether, or chloral and potassium bromide, thus 
keeping up gentle narcosis several hours if neces- 
sary; inhale amyl nitrite. If spasms threaten 
respiration, induce it artifically ; empty the bladder 
often. 

Sulfonal and Trional. — Give diuretics and 
saline cathartics; sodium bicarbonate and water 
freely. 

Sulphuretted Hydrogen. — Resort to artificial 
respiration and inhalation of chlorine diluted 
with air; or give chlorine water or chlorinated 
lime. 

Tansy. — See Savine. 

Tartar Emetic. — See Antimony Compounds. 

Tin Compounds. — Evacuate the stomach (mus- 
tard, zinc sulphate, ipecac, etc.). Give milk of 
calcined magnesia; demulcent drinks (elm, flax- 
seed, etc.); laudanum if there is much pain. 

Tobacco (or Nicotine). — Concentrated enemas 
and large quantities of powder kill in a very few 
hours. If the patient has not already vomited 
the drug, empty the stomach by mustard, zinc 



155 



sulphate or pump; give plenty of water; let 
the patient lie down; inject a solution of strychnine 
nitrate or give tincture of nux vomica by the mouth ; 
stimulants, brandy, whiskey, chloric ether, etc.; 
keep the body warm but apply cold douche to the 
head; tannin and astringent solutions may be given. 

Turpentine. — Empty the stomach (mustard, 
zinc sulphate, ipecac, apomorphine, pump, tube). 
If there is no purging give enema, plenty of water 
and demulcent drinks to eliminate it by the kidneys. 
Apply hot fomentations to the loins. Allay the 
pain with opium. 

Tyrotoxicon (in milk, cheese, ice cream, etc.). 
— Give emetics and rinse out stomach; follow 
with purgative enema. 

Veratrum Viride (also Veratrine, Sabadilla, 
Veratrum Album). — Evacuate the stomach (unless 
the veratroidine constituent has ejected itself 
by causing vomiting), by mustard, zinc sulphate, 
ipecac or pump. Give recumbent position, head 
lowest; dry warmth to the body, wraps, blankets, 
etc.; give hot coffee by the mouth or rectum; 
tannin, diffusible stimulants, alcohol, brandy, 
whiskey, ammonia, morphine, electricity, artificial 
respiration; atropine antagonizes the cardiac 
depression. 

White Precipitate. — See Mercury Compounds. 

Zinc Compounds. — Should the patient not 
vomit, use plenty of warm water containing car- 
bonate or bicarbonate of sodium, or mustard; 
follow this with white of egg and milk; solution 
of tannin or strong tea to form insoluble tannate; 
allay the abdominal pain by hot fomentations, 
morphine or tincture of opium. 



156 



CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINES 

ACCORDING TO 

THEIR PHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONS 



Alteratives. 

Acid, Arsenous. 
Acid, Hydriodic. 
Ammonium Benzoate. 
Antimony Salts. 
Arsenic and Mercury 

Iodide Solution. 
Arsenites and Arsenates. 
Calcium Chloride. 
Colchicum. 
Copper Salts. 
Creosote and its 

compounds. 
Gold Salts. 
Guaiacol and its 

compounds. 
Ichthyol. 
Iodides. 
Iodipin. 
Iodoform. 

Manganese Dioxide. 
Mercurials. 

Potassium Bichromate. 
Potassium Chlorate. 
Pulsatilla. 
Sanguinaria. 



Silver Salts. 
Stillingia. 
Sulphur. 

Suprarenal Capsule. 
Xanthoxylum. 
Zinc Salts. 

Analgesics. See 

Anodynes, General. 

Anaphrodisiacs. 

Belladonna. 

Bromides. 

Bromipin. 

Camphor. 

Cocaine. 

Conium. 

Digitalis. 

Gelsemium. 

Hyoscyamus. 

Opium. 

Stramonium. 

Anesthetics, General. 

Chloroform. 

Ether. 

Ethyl Bromide. 

(Nitrous Oxide). 



157 



Anesthetics Local. 

Chloretone. 

Cocaine Hydrochloride. 

Ether Spray. 

Ethyl Chloride. 

Eucaine. 

Holocaine. 

Menthol. 

Tropacocaine. 

Anodynes, General. 

Acetanilid. 

Acid, Salicylic. 

Aconitine. 

Antipyrine. 

Aspirin. 

Atropine. 

Bromides. 

Butyl-chloral Hydrate. 

Caffeine. 

Camphor Monobrom. 

Chloroform. 

Codeine. 

Gelseminine. 

Methylene Blue. 

Morphine Salts. 

Oil Gaultheria. 

Phenacetin. 



Anodynes, Local. 

Acid, Carbolic. 
Aconite, Tincture. 



Aconitine. 
Ammonia water. 
Atropine. 
Belladonna. 
Chloroform. 
Chloral Hydrate. 
Guaiacol. 
Ichthyol. 

Antacids. 

or Alkalines. 
Calcium Carbonate. 
Lime Water. 
Lithium Carbonate. 
Magnesia. 

Magnesium Carbonate. 
Potassium Bicarbonate. 
Potassium Carbonate. 
Potassium Hydrate. 
Sodium Bicarbonate. 
Sodium Carbonate. 
Sodium Hydrate. 

Anthelmintics. 
Aloes. (Enema.) 
Aspidium. 
Chenopodium. 
Koussein. 
Naphtalin. 
Oil Turpentine. 
Extract Male Fern. 
Pelletierine Tannate. 
Pumpkin Seed. 
Quassia Infusion. 



158 



Santonin with Calomel. 
Sodium Chloride. 
Sodium Santoninate. 
Spigelia. 
Thymol. 



Atropine. 
Lead Acetate. 
Picrotoxin. 
Quinine. 
Salicin. 



Anti-emetics. 
Acid, Hydrocyanic. 
Bismuth Subcarbonate. 
Bismuth Subnitrate. 
Bromides. 
Cerium Oxalate. 
Chloroform. 
Codeine. 
Ether. 
Menthol. 
Morphine. 
Orexine Tannate. 

Antigalactagogues. 

Agaricin. 

Belladonna. 

Camphor; topically. 

Conium. 

Ergot. 

Iodides. 

Saline Purgatives. 

Antihydrotics. 
Acid, Camphoric. 
Acid, Gallic. 
Acid, Tannic. 
Agaricin. 



Antilithics. 

Acid, Benzoic. 
Alkalies. 
Benzoates. 
Lithium Salts. 
Magnesium Citrate. 
Magnesium Oxide. 
Piperazine. 

Potassium Bicarbonate. 
Potassium Carbonate. 
Potassium Citrate. 
Sodium Bicarbonate. 
Sodium Phosphate. 
Sodium Salicylate. 

Antiparasitics. 

See Parasiticides. 
Antiperiodics. 
Acid, Arsenous. 
Acid, Picric. 
Arsenites. 

Berberine Carbonate. 
Cinchona and 

alkaloids. 
Methylene Blue. 
Quinine. 
Salicin. 



159 



Antiphlogistics. See 
also Antipyretics. 

Aconite, Tincture. 

Antimony-Potassium 
Tartrate. 

Gelsemium. 

Ichthyol; internally. 

Lead Salts. 

Opium. 

Antipyretics. 

Acetanilid. 
Acid, Benzoic. 
Acid, Carbolic. 
Acid, Salicylic. 
Aconite, Tincture. 
Ammonium Acetate : 

Solution. 
Ammonium Benzoate. 
Aspirin. 
Phenacetin. 
Quinine and Salts. 
Resorcin. 
Veratrum Viride. 

Tincture. 

Antiseptics. See also 

Disinfectant^ . 
Acetanilid. 
Acid, Benzoic; and 

Benzoates. 
Acid, Boric; and Borates. 
Acid, Carbolic. 
Acid, Picric. 



Aristol. 

Bismuth, Benzoate. 
Bismuth, Oxyiodide. 
Bismuth, Subgallate. 
Borolyptol. 
Chlorine Water. 
Creolin. 

Creosote and its com- 
pounds. 
Eucalyptol. 
Formaldehyde. 
Glycozone. 
Hydrogen Peroxide. 
Hydr ozone. 
Ichthyol. 
Iodoform. 
Iodole. 
Listerine. 

Magnesium Salicylate. 
Magnesium Sulphite. 
Mercury Bichloride. 
Mercury Chloride. 
Mercury Cyanide. 
Mercury Oxy cyanide. 
Naphtalin. 
Naphtol. 
Oil Cade. 
Oil Eucalyptus. 
Oil Gaultheria. 
Oil Pinus Sylvestris. 
Oil Turpentine. 
Potassium Chlorate. 

Permanganate. 
Pyoktanin. 



160 



Quinine. 

Resorcin. 

Salol. 

vSilver Citrate. 

vSilver Nitrate. 

Sodium Biborate. 

Sodium Bisulphite. 

Sodium Salicylate. 

S< xlium Sulphocarbolate. 

Sodium Thiosulphate. 

Tannoform. 

Tcrebene. 

Thymol. 

Xeroform. 

Zinc Carbolatc. 

Zinc Permanganate. 

Zinc Sulphocarbolate. 

Antisialagogues. 
Atropine. 

Belladonna. 

Cocaine Hydrochloride. 

Myrrh. 

( )i>ium. 

Potassium Chlorate. 

Sodium Borate. 

Antispasmodics. 
Acid, Camphoric. 
Ammonium Valerianate. 
Amy] Nitrite. 
Atropine. 
Bromides. 
Bromoform. 



Camphor. 

Camphor Monobrom. 
Chloral Hydrate. 
Chloroform. 
Coniine Hydrobromide. 
Eserine. 
Ether. 

Ethyl Bromide. 
Ethyl Iodide. 
Hyoscine Hydrobro- 
mide. 
Hyoseyamus. 
Lactucarium. 
Lobelia. 
Lupulin. 
Morphine. 
Musk. 
Nitrites. 
Nitroglycerine. 
( )])ium. 
Paraldehyde. 
Pulsatilla: tincture. 
Stramonium. 
Zinc Valerianate. 

A NTITUBERCULARS. 

Acid, Cinnamic. 
Acid, Sulphurous. 

Arsenical Compounds. 
Cantharidin. 
Cod-Liver Oil. 
Creosote and its 

compounds. 
Guaiacol and Salts. 



1(11 



Glycerinophosphates. 
Ichthyol. 

Iodoform, topically. 
Menthol. 
Methylene Blue. 
Sodium Cacodylate. 
Sodium Cinnamate. 
Sodium Formate: Sub- 
cutaneously. 

Antizymotics, See An- 

tispetics and Disin- 
fectants. 

Aperients. See Cath- 
artics. 

Aphrodisiacs. 

Cantharidcs. 

Damiana. 

Glycerinophosphates. 

Gold. 

Nux Vomica. 

Phosphorus. 

Strychnine. 

Astringents. 

Acid, Chromic. 
Acid, Gallic. 
Acid, Lactic. 
Acid, Tannic. 
Alum. 
Aluminum Acetate. 

Solution. 
Aluminum Chloride. 



Aluminum Sulphate. 

Bismuth Salts. 

Copper Acetate. 

Copper Sulphate. 

Hydrastine Hydro- 
chloride. 

Hydrastis. 

Ichthyol. 

Iron Sulphate, and 

other iron salts. 
Lead Acetate, and other 
lead salts. 

Potassium Bichromate. 

Silver Citrate. 

Silver Nitrate. 

Zinc Acetate. 

Zinc Sulphate. 

Astringents, Intes- 
tinal. 

Acid Lactic. 
Acid Tannic. 
Bismuth Salts. 
Catechu. 
Geranium. 
Kino. 
Kramcria. 
Lead Acetate. 
Silver Nitrate. 
Tannalbin. 

Cardiac Sedatives. 
Acid, Hydrocyanic. 
Aconite. 



162 



Antimony Preparations. 

Chloroform. 

Digitalis. 

Gelsemium. 

Pilocarpine. 

Veratrine. 

Veratrum Viride. 

Cardiac Stimulants. 
Ammonia. 

Ammonium Carbonate. 
Atropine. 
Caffeine. 
Digitalis. 
Ether. 

Nitroglycerin. 
(Oxygen.) 

Sparteine Sulphate. 
Strophanthus. 
Strychnine (Tonic). 

Carminatives. 

Anise. 

Calumba. 

Capsicum. 

Cardamom. 

Caraway. 

Cascarilla. 

Chamomile. 

Cinchona. 

Cinnamon. 

Cloves. 

Gentian. 

Ginger. 



Nutmeg. 

Nux Vomica. 

Oil Cajuput. 

Oil Mustard. 

Orange Peel. 

Orexine Tannate. 

Pepper. 

Pimenta. 

Quassia. 

Sassafras. 

Serpentaria. 

Cathartics. 

Laxatives: 
Cascara Sagrada. 
Figs. 
Glycerin. 
Magnesium Carbonate. 

Magnesium Oxide. 
Manna. 

Oil Almond, Expressed. 
Olive Oil. 

Rahmnus Cathart. 
Rhamnus Frang. 
Sulphur. 

Saline Purgatives: 
Magnesium Citrate. 
Magnesium Sulphate. 
Potassium Bitartrate. 
Potassium Tartrate. 
Potassium and Sodiur 

Tartrate. 
Sodium Phosphate. 



163 



Sodium Sulphate. 
Sodium Tartrate. 

Simple Puragtives: 
Aloes. 
Calomel. 
Castor Oil. 
Rhubarb. 
Senna. 

Drastic Cathartics: 
Colocynth. 
Elaterium. 
Euonynim. 
Gamboge. 
Jalap. 

Oil, Croton. 
Podophyllin. 
Scammony. 

Hydra gogues: 
Drastic Cathartics in 

large doses. 
Saline Purgatives. 

Cholagogues: 
Aloin. 
Euonynim. 
Leptandrin. 
Mercurials. . 
Ox-Gall. 
Podophyllum. 

Caustics. See 
Eschar otics. 



Cerebral Depres- 
sants. See also 
Narcotics. 
Anesthetics, general. 
Antispasmodics: several. 
Hypnotics. 
Narcotics. 

Cerebral Stimulants. 
Alcohol. 
Amyl Nitrite. 
Atropine. 
Belladonna. 
Caffeine. 
Cannabis. 
Coca. 
Cocaine. 
Coffee. 
Ether. 

Nitrogylcerin. 
Strychnine. 

Cholagogues. See 

Cathartics: also Hepatic 
Stimulants. 

Constructive. See 

Tonics. 
Counter-irritants. 

See Irritants. 

Demulcents. 
Acacia. 
Albumin. 
Althea. 



164 



Cetraria. 

Chondrus. 

Elm. 

Flaxseed. 

Gelatin. 

Glycerin. 

Oil Almond, Expressed. 

Oil Olive. 

Starch. 

Deoxidizers. (Reduc- 
ing Agents.) 
Acid, Pyrogallic. 
Ichthyol. 
Resorcin. 

Depilatories. 

Barium Sulphide. 
Calcium Oxide. 
(Calcium Sulphydrate) . 
Cautery. 

Sodium Ethylate. 
Sodium Sulphide. 

Diaphoretics and 
Sudorifics. 
Acid, Salicylic and 
Salicylates. 
Aconite. 

Ammonium Acetate. 
Camphor. 
Dover's Fowder. 
Ether. 
Guaiac. 



Opium. 

Pilocarpine Hydro- 
chloride. 

Potassium Citrate. 

Potassium Nitrite. 

Sodium Nitrite. 

Spirit Nitrous Ether. 

Veratrum Viride. 
Digestives. 

Acid, Hydrochloric. 

Acid, Lactic. 

Ingluvin. 

Lactopeptine. 

Malt. 

Or ex in Tannate. 

Pancreatin. 

Papain. 

Pepsin. 

Disinfectants. See 
also Deoderants. 

Acid, Boric. 

Acid, Carbolic. 

Acid, Sulphurous. 

Aluminum Chloride. 

Ammonium P e r s u 1 
phate. 

Borates. 

Calcium Permanganate. 

Chlorine Water. 

Creolin. 

Eucalyptol. 

Formaldehyde. 

Glycozone. 



165 



Hydrogen Peroxide. 

Hydrozone. 

Iron Sulphate. 

Lime, Chlorinated. 

Mercury, Bichloride. 

Naphtol. 

Oil Eucalyptus. 

Potassium Permanga- 
nate. 

Solution Chlorinated 
Soda. 

Thymol. 

Zinc Chloride. 

Diuretics. 
Adonis Vernalis. 
Ammonium Acetate. 
Apocynum. 
Atropine. 
Belladonna. 
Cactus Grandiflorus. 
Caffeine. 
Convallamar in . 
Copaiba. 
Cubebs. 

Digitalis preparations. 
Diuretin. 
Juniper. 
Kava Kava. 
Lithium Salts. 
Matico. 
Nitrites. 
Oil Juniper. 
Oil Santal. 
Pilocarpine Hydrochlor. 



Piperazine. 
Potassium Acetate. 
Potassium Bitartrate. 
Potassium Citrate. 
Potassium Nitrate. 
Sodium Acetate. 
Sodium Nitrate. 
Sparteine Sulphate. 
Spirit Nitrous Ether. 
Squill. 

Strophanthus. 
Theobromine. 

Ecbolics. See 
Oxytocics. 
Emetics. 

Antimony and Potassi- 
um Tartrate. 

Apomorphine Hydro- 
chloride. 

Copper Sulphate. 

Emetine. 

Ipecac. 

Mercury Subsulphate. 

Mustard with tepid* wa- 
ter. 

Zinc Sulphate. 

Emmenagogues. 

Aloes. 

Cantharides. 
Ergot. 
Guaiac. 

Iron Chloride and other 
salts of iron. 



166 



Manganese. Dioxide 

Myrrh. 

Pennyroyal. 

Potassium Permangan. 

Rue. 

Savine. 

Tansy. 

Errhines, (Sternuta 

tories) . 
Cubebs. 
Sanguinarine. 
Veratrine. 
White Hellebore. 

ESCHAROTICS. 

Caustics. 
Acid, Acetic Glacial. 
Acid, Arsenous. 
Acid, Carbolic. 
Acid, Carbolic, Iodized. 
Acid, Chromic. 
Acid, Lactic. 
Acid, Nitric. 
Alum Burnt. 
Copper Sulphate. 
Iodine. 
Potassa. 
Silver Nitrate. 
Soda. 

Sodium Ethylate. 
Zinc Chloride. 

Expectorants. 
Acid, Benzoic. 



Ammoniac. 

Ammonium Carbonate. 

Ammonium Chloride. 

Ammonium Salicylate. 

Antimony and Potassi- 
um Tartrate. 

Antimony Salts in 
general. 

Apomorphine Hydro- 
chloride. 

Balsam Tolu. 

Benzoates. 

Emetine in small doses. 

Glycyrrhizin, Ammoni- 
ated. 

Ipecac. 

Lobelia. 

Oil Turpentine. 

Pilocarpine Hydrochlor. 

Potassium Iodide. 

Sanguinarine. 

Saponin. 

Senegin. 

Squill. 

Tar. 

Terebene. 

Galactagogues. 

Acid, Lactic. 
Alcohol. 

Ammonium Chloride. 
Castor Oil: topically. 
Extract Malt. 
Jaborandi. 



167 



Pilocarpine Hydrochlor. Opium. 

^ ™ Quinine. 

Gastric Tonics. 

(Stomachics.) 

Alkalies: before meals. 

Aromatics. 

Berberine Carbonate. 

Bismuth Salts. 

Bitters. 

Carminatives. 

Hydrastis. 

Ichthalbin. 

Nux Vomica. 

Orexine Tannate. 

Quassin. 

Hematinics. 
Arsenical Compounds. 
Ext. Bone Marrow. 
Hemo-gallol. 
Hemoglobins. 
Iron Compounds. 
Manganese Compounds. 
Sodium Cacodylate. 

Hemostatics. See 
Styptics and Hemo- 
statics. 

Hepatic Depressants 
Lessening Bile. 
Lead Acetate. 
Purgatives: Many of 

them. 
Morphine. 



Lessening Urea: 
Colchicum. 
Morphine. 
Opium. 
Quinine. 

Lessening Glycogen: 
Arsenic. 
Antimony. 
Codeine. 
Dionin. 
Morphine. 
Opium. 
Phosphorus. 

Hepatic Stimulants. 
Acid, Benzoic. 
Acid, Nitric. 
Acid, Nitrohydrochlor. 
Aloes. 

Ammonium Chloride. 
Amyl Nitrite. 
Antimony. 
Arsenic. 
Benzoates. 
Calomel.. ' . 
Colocynth. 
Euonynim. 
Podophyllin. 
Resin Jalap. 
Sanguinarine. 



168 



Sodium Bicarbonate. 
Sodium Phosphate. 
Sodium Salicylate. 
Sodium Sulphate. 

Hypnotics {Soporifics). 
Acetanilid. 

Apomorphine Hydro- 
chloride. 
Bromides. 
Cannabin Tannate. 
Chloral Hydrate. 
Chloralose. 
Chloretone. 
Codeine. 
Dionin. 

Duboisine Sulphate. 
Hyoscine Hydrobrom. 
Hyoscyamine. 
Morphine. 
Paraldehyde. 
Sulfonal. 
Trional. 
Ur ethane. 

Intestinal Astring- 
ents. 
See Astringents. 
Irritants. 

Rubefacients: 
Ammonia. 
Arnica. 
Capsicum. 
Iodine. 



Menthol. 

Mustard. 

Oil Turpentine. 

Oleoresin Capsicum. 

Pustulants: 
Antimony and Potas- 
sium Tartrate. 
Oil Croton. 
Silver Nitrate. 

Vesicants: 
Acid, Acetic, Glacial. 
Cantharides. 
Chrysarobin. 
Oil Mustard. 

Laxatives. See 
Cathartics: 
Motor Depressants. 
Acid Hydrocyanic. 
Aconite. 
Amyl Nitrite. 
Apomorphine Hydro- 
chloride. 
Bromides. 
Bromipin. 
Bromoform.. 
Chloral Hydrate. 
Chloroform (large 

doses). 
Coniine Hydrobromide. 
Gelsemium. 
Gold Bromide. 
Lobelia. 
Muscarine. 



169 



Nitrites. 


Narcotics. See also 


Nitroglycerin. 


Hypnotics. 


Physostigmine (Eser- 


Chloroform. 


ine). 


Chloral Hydrate. 


Quinine (large doses). 


Conium. 


Sparteine Sulphate. 


Hyoscine. 


Veratrum Viride. 


Hyoscyamine. 




Morphine. 


Motor Excitants. 


Opium. 


Alcohol. 


Stramonium. 


Atropine. 




Belladonna. 


Oxytocics (Ecbolics). 


Brucine. 


Cotton Root Bark. 


Camphor. 


Ergot. 


Chloroform. 


Hydrastine. 


Nux Vomica. 


Hydrastinine . Hydro- 


Picrotoxin. 


chloride. 


Pilocarpine Hydrochlor. 


Pennyroyal. 


Pyridine. 


Quinine. 


Strychnine. 


Rue. 




Savine. 


Mydriatics. 






Parasiticides. 


Atropine. 




Homatropine Hydro- 


See Antiseptics and 


bromide. 


Disinfectants. 


Hyoscine Hydrobrom. 


Purgatives. See Ca- 


Scopolamine Hydro- 


thartics. 


bromide. 






Refrigerants. 


Myotics. 


Acid, Citric. 


Arecoline, Hydrobrom. 


Acid, Phosphoric, Dil. 


Physostigmine. 


Acid, Tartaric. 


(Eserine.) 


Ammonium Acetate. 


Pilocarpine Hydrochlor. 


Magnesium Citrate. 



170 



Magnesium Sulphate. 
Potassium Bitartrate. 
Potassium Citrate. 
Potassium Nitrate. 
Potassium Tartrate. 
Sodium Nitrate. 
Sodium Tartrate. 
Resolvents (Dis- 
cutients) . 
Arsenic. 
Ichthyol. 
Iodides. 
Iodine. 
Iodipin. 
Iodole. 
Mercurials. 
Thiosinamine. 
Respiratory Depres 

SANTS. ■ 

Acid, Hydrocyanic. 

Aconite. 

Chloral. 

Chloroform. 

Conium. 

Gelsemium. 

Muscarine. 

Opium. _ 

Physostigma. 

Veratrum Viride. 

Respiratory Stimu- ' 

LANTS. 

Aspiodiosperma. 
(Quebracho) . 



Aspidiospermine. 

Atropine. 

Caffeine. 

Cocaine. 

Strychnine. 

Restoratives. See 
Hematinics, Tonics. 

Rubefacients. See 

Irritants. 

Sedatives (Nerve). 

See also Depressants. 
Acetanilid. 
Acid, Hydrobromic. 
Amyl Nitrite. 
Antipyrin. 
Bromides. 
Bromipin. 
Bromoform. 
Butyl- Chloral Hydrate. 
Camphor. 

Camphor, Monobrom. 
Cardamom. 
Chloral Hydrate. 
Chloroform. 
Cocaine. 
Codeine. 
Coniun. 

Ethyl Bromide. 
Hyoscine Hydrobrom. 
Hyoscyamine. 
Hyoscyamus. 
Lactucarium. 



171 



Lavender. 
Lobelia. 
Morphine. 
Paraldehyde. 
Scopolamine Hydro- 
bromide. 
Stramonium ; tincture. 
Sulfonal. 
Urethane. 

Valerian and Valerian- 
ates. 

SlALAGOGUES. 

(Ptyalagogues). 
Acids and Alkalies. 
Antimony Compounds. 
Capsicum. 
Ginger. 

Iodine Compounds. 
Mercurials. 
Muscarine. 
Mustard. 

Pilocarpine Hydrochlor. 
Pyrethrrm. 

Soporifics. See 
Hypnotics. 

Spinal Stimulants. 

See also Motor Excit- 
ants. 
Alcohol. 
Atropine. 

Camphor : small doses. 
Nux Vomica. 



Picrotoxin. 
Strychnine. 

Sternutatories. See 
Errhines. 

Stomachics. 
See Gastric Tonics. 

Styptics and Hemo- 
statics, 

Acid, Gallic. 

Acid, Tannic. 

Adrenalin. 

Alum. 

Antipyrine. 

Copper Sulphate. 

Extract Suprarenal 
Capsule. 

Hamamelis. 

Hydrastinine Hydro- 
chloride. 

Iron Chloride, Ferric. 

Iron Subsulphate. 

Iron Sulphate. 

Lead Acetate. 

Manganese Sulphate. 

Oil Turpentine. 

Silver Nitrate. 

Stypticin. 

Terpinol. 

Sudorifics. See 
Diaphoretics. 

Teniafuges. See 

A nthelmintics. 



172 



Tonics, General. 


Ichthyol. 


See also Hematinics. 


Iron Compounds. 




Manganese Compounds, 


Vegetable Tonics: 


Phosphorus. 


Bitters. 




Berberine Carbonate. 


Vasco-Constrictors. 


Cinchona Alkaloids and 


Adrenalin. 


Salts. 


Ergot. 


Cod-Liver Oil. 


Extract Suprarenal 


Eucalyptus. 


Capsule. 


Hydrastis. 


Hydrastinine Hydro- 


Quassin. 


chloride. 


Salicin. 


Stypticin. 


Mineral Tonics: 


Vaso-Dilators. 


Acids, Mineral. 


Amyl Nitrite. 


Acids, Arsenous and its 


Ether. 


salts. 


Nitroglycerin. 


Acid, Hypophosphorous. 


Potassium Nitrite. 


Acid, Lactic. 


Sodium Nitrite. 


Bismuth Salts. 


Spirit Nitrous Ether. 


Calcium GlycerinOphos. 




Copper Salts; small 


Vermicides. See 


doses. 


A nthelmintics. 


Gold Salts. 




Gly cerinophosphat es . 


Vesicants. See Irri- 


Hypophosphites. 


tants. 



PHYSIOLOGICAL POINTS FOR PRACTI- 
TIONERS. 



Frequency of Heart Beat. 


Per Minute. 


Horse 


30—45 


Ox 


40—50 


Ass 


45—52 


Pig, Sheep, Goat 


70 — 80 


Dog 


70 — 120 


Cat 


120 — 140 


Man 


60—80 


Horse, after trotting 


60—80 


Horse, after galloping 


80 — 100 


Calf, 2 weeks about 


70 


Calf, 6 weeks, about 


65 


Calf, 6 mos.-i2 mas., about 55 — 65 


Elephant 


25—28 


Camel 


30 


Lion 


40—50 


Rabbit 


140 — 160 


Birds 


120 — 140 


Frog 


60 


Fish 


20—25 


(Ellenberger ; 


and Scheunert 


Respiratory Frequence. 


Per Minute 


Horse 


8—16 


Cattle 


10—30 


Sheep and Goat 


12 — 20 


Swine 


8—18 


Dog 


15—20 


Cat 


24 


Man 


15—20 


Tiger 


6 


Lion ■ 


10 



(173) 



174 



Monkey 


19 


Rabbit 


55 


Guinea pig and rat 


100—150 


Hen 


40—50 


Pigeon 


50—70 



Body Temperature. 
(Average Rectal Temperature). 
Elephant 97- °6 

Camel 
Horse 
Ass 
Cow 
Sheep 
Goat 
Pig 
Dog 
Cat 
Rabbit 
Guinea-pig 
Fowl 
Duck 



99 


°5 




100 


° 2 




98 


°5 




IOI 


°5 




104 





-105. 


103 







IOI 


°7- 


-I03.°3 


IOI 





-102. ° 


IOI 


°7 




IOI 


°7- 


-I02.°5 


IOI 


°7- 


-102. °6 


106 


V 


-109.° 


107 


°8- 


-no.°5 



Table of Puberty. 



Mare 
Cow 
Sheep 
Goat 

Pig 

Bitch 
Cat 



12 — 24 months 

12 — 18 months 

8 — 1 2 months 

8 — 12 months 

4 — 5 months 

7 — 10 months 

8 — 12 months 



175 



Duration of Pregnancy. 

330—340 days 



Mare 

Ass 

Cow 

Sheep and Goat 

Sow 

Bitch 

Cat 

Camel 

Zebra 

Elephant 

Table of Oestrum. 

Mare — Duration of Oestrum 
Cow — Duration of Oestrum 
Ewe — Duration of Oestrum 
Sow — Duration of Oestrum 
Bitch — Duration of Oestrum 
Cat — Duration of Oestrum 



348—377 days 
270 — 285 days 
145—155 days 
115 — 120 days 
58— 65 days 
54 — 62 days 
45 weeks 
13 months 
24 months 
(nearly) 



5—7 days 
2 — 4 days 
1 — 2 days 
2 — 4 days 
1 — 3 weeks 
1 — 3 weeks 



Quantity of Feces Daily (Approximate) 



Horse 
Cow 
Sheep 
Pig 



34.8 lbs. 
56. lbs. 
2.8 lbs. 
about 1. lb. 



Quantity of Urine Daily (Approximate) 
Horse 10 — 12 pints, 12—14 lbs. 

Cow 50 — 62 pints, 50 — 60 lbs. 

Sheep 1 — 2 pints, 1 — 2 lbs. 

Pig 2 — 3 pints, 2 — 3 lbs. 

Dog V A — 2 pints, 1 — 2 lbs. 



176 



Drugs Excreted by 

Acid, Eoric 
Acid, Carbolic 
Acid, Salicylic 
Aloes 
Antipyrin 
Arsenic and its salts 
Atropine 

Bromine and its Com- 
pounds 
Chloroform 
Copper and its salt 



the Mammary Gland 

Croton 
Ether 

Iodine and its com- 
pounds 

Lead and its salts 

Mercury and its salts 

Pot. et Antim. Tart. 

Rhubarb 

Sodii Sulph. (SO3 
milk increased) 

Turpentine 



of 



Tables of Gestation 

The first column represents the date of service. 
In the following columns, on the same horizontal 
line, under the name of each animal, represent the 
date of expected birth according to the date of 



JAN. MARE COW SOW EWE 





Dec. 


Oct. 


April 


Mav 


1 


2. . . 


8. . . . 


22 . . . 


27 


2... . 


3. . . 


9. . . . 


23... 


28 


3... . 


4. . . 


10 


24 . . . 


29 


4 


5... 

6. .. 


11. . . . 

12 


. . . 25 . . . 


30 


5. . . . 


26 . . . 


31 


6 


7 ... 


13.... 


27... 


. . .June 1 


1 . ... 


8. .. 


14.... 


28 . . . 


2 


8. .. . 


9... 


15. . . . 


29 . . . 


3 


9. . . . 


10. . . 


16 


30. . . 


4 


10. . . . 


11. . . 


17.... 


. . . May 1 . . . 


5 


11.... 


12. . . , 


18. . . . 


2. . . 


6 


12 


13... 

14. .. 


. .19 


3 


7 


13... . 


20.... 


4. . . 


8 


14. ... 


15.... 


21. . . . 


5 . . . 


n 


15. . . . 


16. . . . 


22... . 


6 . . . 


10 


16. . . . 


17... . 


23. . . . 


1 ... 


n 


17. . . . 


18.... 


24. . . . 


8 . . . 


12 


18. . . . 


19.. .. 


25. . . . 


9... 


13 


19. . . . 


20. . . . 


26. . . . 


.10. . . 


14 


20 ... . 


21. .. . 


27 ... . 


11... 


15 


21. 


22 


28 


12. . . 

13.... 


16 

17 


22. . .. 


23. . . . 


29 ... . 


23 ... . 


24. . . . 


30. . . . 


14 


18 


24 ... . 


.25.... 


31.... 


1 .1... . 


19 


25.... 


26.... 


Nov. 1. . . . 


16. . . . 


20 


26. . . . 


27. . . . 


2 


17.... 


21 


27. . . . 


28. . . . 


3 . . . . 


18 


22 


28. ... 


29 . . . 


4 


19. . . . 


23 


29 ... . 


30... . 


5 


.20... . 


24 


30. . . . 


31. .. . 


6 


21. . . . 


25 


31 .... 






.22. 


26 


FEB. 


MARE 


COW 


SOW 


EWE 






Nov. 


May 


June 


1 


2. . . 


8 


23 ... . 


27 




3 


9 


24 


28 


3 


-4 


10. . 


25 


29 


4 




11 


26.... 


30 


5 


6 


12 


27 ... . 


■ ■ July 1 


6 


1 .... 


13.... 


28 ... . 


2 


7 


8 


14. ... 


29. .. . 


3 


8 


9 


15.... 


30. . . . 


4 


9 


10.... 

11.... 


16 


31 


c 


10 


17.... 


. . .June 1 . . . . 


6 


11 


12 


18. .. . 


2 


7 


12 


13.... 


19. . . . 


3. . .. 


8 


13 


14 ... . 


20. . .. 


4 


9 


14 


15... . 


21.... 


5.... 


10 


15 


16 


22 ... . 


6 . . . . 


.11 


16 


17.. . . 


23. .. . 


7.... 


12 


17 


18.... 


24 


8.... 


.13 


18 


19.... 


25 


9.... 


14 


19 


20... . 


26.. . . 


10... . 


15 


20 


21.... 


27. . . . 


11. . . . 


16 


21 


22.. . 


28.. . . 


12.... 


17 


22 


23.... 


29.... 


13... . 


18 


23 


24.... 


30.... 


14.. . . 


19 


24 


25.... 


. . Dec. . .1 


15 ... . 


20 


25 


26.... 


2 


16. . .. 


21 


26 


27.... 


3. . . . 


17.... 


22 


27 


28.... 


4 


18.... 


23 


28 


29 


5 


19.... 


24 


29 


30 


6 


20.... 


25 



MAR. 



MARE 



COW 



SOW 



EWE 





Jan. 


Dec. 


June 


July 


1 


31. ... 


7 


21. . . . 


26 


2 


.Feb. 1. .. . 


8 


22.... 


27 


3 


2. . . . 


9 


23.... 


28 


4 


3.. .. 


10 


24.... 


29 


5 


4 


11 


25.... 


30 


6 


5 


12 


26.... 


31 


7 


6.. . . 


13 


27.... 


. .Aug. 1 


8 


1 .... 


14 


28.... 


2 


9. . . 


8 


15 

16 


29.... 

30.... 


3 


10 


9.... 


4 


11 


10.... 


17 


...July 1.... 


5 


12 


11.. .. 


18 


2. ... 


6 


13 


12.... 


19 


3.... 


7 


14 


13. . . . 


20 


4.... 


8 


15 


14.. .. 


21 


5.... 


9 


16 


15.... 


22 


6.... 


10 


17 


16.... 


23 


7.... 


11 


18 


17.... 


24 


8.... 


12 


19 


18. ... 


25 


9.... 


13 


20 


19.... 


26 


10... . 


14 


21 


20... . 


27 


11 


15 


22 


21.... 


28 


12.... 


16 


23 


22.... 


29 


13... . 


17 


24 


23. . . . 


30 


14... . 


18 


25 


24 


31 

. . . .June 1 


15.... 

16. ... 


19 


26 


25. .. . 


20 


27 


26.... 


2 


17.... 


21 


28 


27.. . . 


3 


18.. . . 


22 


29 


28. . . . 


4 


19.... 


23 


30 


. Mar. 1 


5 


20 


24 


31 


2.. . . 


6 


21. . . . 


25 


APRIL 


MARE 


COW 


SOW 


EWE 




Mar. 


Jan. 


July 


Aug. 


1 


3 


7 


22.... 


26 


2 


4 


8 


23... . 


27 


3 


5. ... 


9 


24.... 


28 


4 


6.... 


10 


25.... 


29 


5 


7.. . . 


11 


26. ... 


30 


6. . . 


8 


12 


27 


31 


7 


9. ... 


13 


28.... 


. .Sept. 1 


8 


10 


14 


29.... 


2 


9 


11. . . . 


15 


30.... 


3 


10 


12.. .. 


16 


31... . 


4 


11 


13... . 


17 


...Aug. 1.... 


5 


12 


14.. . . 


18 


2. .. . 


6 


13 


15.... 


19 


3.... 


7 


14 .... . 


16 


20 


4 


8 


15 


17. . . . 


21 


5 


9 


16 


18.... 


22 


6 


10 


17 


19 ... . 


23 


7 .... 


11 


18 


20.... 


24 


8.... 


12 


19 




25 


9.... 


13 


20 


22... . 


26 


10.. . . 


14 


21 


23.. . . 


27 


11 


15 


22 


24... . 


28 


12.... 


16 


23 


25.... 


29 


13.... 


17 


24 


26.... 


30 


14. ... 


18 


25 


27.. .. 


31 


15.... 


19 


26 


28. ... 


. . . . Feb. 1 


16.... 


20 


27 


29.... 


2 


17.... 


21 


28 


30.... 


3 


18.... 


22 


29 


31.... 


4 


19.... 


23 


30 


. April 1.... 


5 


20.... 


24 



MAY 



MARE 

April 



COW 
Feb. 



SOW 
Aug. 



EWE 
Sept. 



1 


2 


6 


21... 


25 


2 


3 


7. . . . 


22. . . 


26 


3 


4 


8 


23... 


27 


4 


5 


9 


24... 


28 


5 


6 


10. . . . 


25. . . 


29 


6 


7 


11 


26. .. 


30 


7 


8 


12.... 


27. .. 


...Oct. 1 


8 


9 


13.... 


28. . . 


2 


9 


10 


14 


29.. . 


3 


10 .... 


11 


15 


30. . . 


4 


11 


12 


16.... 


31. . . 


5 


12 


13 


17. ... 


Sept. 1. . . 


6 


13 


14 


18 


2. . . 


7 


14 


15 


19. . .. 


3. .. 


8 


15 


16 


20. ... 


4. . . 


9 


16 


17 


21 


5. . . 


10 


17 


18 


22 


6. .. 


11 


18 


19 


23 ... . 


7 ... 


12 


19 


20 


24 


8. .. 


13 


20 


21 


25 


9. . . 


14 


21 


22 


26. . . . 


10... 


15 


22 


23 


27.... 


11. . . 


16 


23 


24 


28. . . . 


12. .. 


17 


24 


25 


. . .Mar. 1 


13.. . 


18 


25 


26 


2.... 


14. . . 


19 


26 


27 


3.. . . 


15. . . 


20 


27 


28 


4 


16. . . 


21 


28 


29 


5 


17. . . 


22 


29 


30 


6 


18... 


23 


30 


. .May 1 


7 .... 


19. . . 


24 


31 


2 


8. .. . 


20... 


25 


JUNE 


MARE 


COW 


SOW 


EWE 




May 


Mar. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


1 


3 


9. . .. 


21.. . 


26 


2 


4 


10 


22... 


27 


3 


5 


11 


23. . . 


28 


4 


6 


12 


24. .. 


29 


5 


7 


13 


25. . . 


30 


6 


8 


14 


26. . . 


31 


7 


9 


15 


27 . . . 


. . . Nov. 1 


8 


10 


16. ... 


28... 


2 


9 


11 


17.... 


29 . . . 


3 


10 


12 


18 


30. .. 


4 


11 


13 


19... . 


Oct. 1. . . 


5 


12 


14 


20.... 


2.. . 


6 


13 


15 


21 


3. . . 


7 


14 


16 


22.. . . 


4.. . 


8 


15. . . . 


17 

18 


23 


. 5 . 


. 9 


16 


24 


6.. . 


10 


17 


19 


25.... 


7. . . 


11 


18 


20 


26 


8... 


12 


19 


21 


27 


9.. . 


13 


20 


22 


28 


10. . . 


14 


21 


23 


29 


11. . . 


15 


22 


24 


30 


12. . . 


16 


23 


25 


31 


13.. . 


17 


24 


26 


. . . April 1 


14. . . 


18 


25 


27 


2 


15... 


19 


26 


28 


3 


16. .. 


20 


27 


29 


4 


17. .. 


21 


28 


30 


5 


18... 


22 


29 


31 


6 


19... 


23 


30 


.June 1 


7 


20... 


24 



JULY 


MARE 


cow 


SOW 


EWE 




June 


April 


Oct. 


Nov. 


1 


2 


8. .. . 


21. . . 


25 


2. .. . 


3 


9. . . . 


22... 


26 


3 


4 


10 


23 . . . 


27 


4. . . . 


5 


11. . . . 


24 . . . 


28 


5. ... 


6 


12. . . . 


25... 


29 


6.... 


7 


13. . . . 


26... 


30 


7. ... 


8 


14. . .. 


27.... 


. ..Dec.l 


8. ... 


9 


15. ... 


28. . . 


2 


9. . . . 


10 


16.... 


29. . . 


3 


10. . . . 


11 


17.... 


30. . . 


4 


11. ... 


12 


18. . .. 


31. . 


5 


12. ... 


13 


. 19. . . . 


. . . Nov. 1 . . . 


6 


13. . . . 


14 


20.... 


2... 


7 


14 


15 


21. .. . 


3 . . . 


8 


15. . . . 


16 


22 


4. . . 


9 


16. ... 


17 


23.... 


5 . . . 


10 


17. ... 


18 


24.... 


6. .. 


11 


18.-... 


19 


25. . . . 


1 ... 


12 


19 


20 


26. . . . 


8... . 


13 


20 


21 


27 ... . 


9. ... 


14 


21. . . . 


22 


28.... 


10. .. 


15 


22 


23 


29.... 


11.. .. 


16 


23 


24 


30.... 


12. . . , 


17 


24 


25 


. . .May 1. . . . 


13... . 


18 


25 


. . . 26 


2.... 

3.. .. 


14 

15. ... 


19 


26 


27 


20 


27 


38. -. . . 


4.. . . 


16. .. . 


21 


28 


29 


5. .. . 


17.... 


......22 


29 


30 


6.... 


18. . . . 


23 


30 

31 


July 1 . . 


. . 1 ... 


19 


24 


2 


8 


20 ... . 


25 


AUG. 


MARE 


COW 


SOW 


EWE 




July 


May 


Nov. 


Dec. 


1 


3 


9 


21 


28 


'> 


4 


10 


22.... 


27 


3 


5 


11 


23.... 


28 


4 





12 


24. . . . 


29 


,-, 


7 


13 . 


.25 . 


30 


6 


8 


14 


'.6. . . . 


31 


7 


5) 


15 


27 ... . 


. . . Tan. 1 


S 


10 


16 


28.... 


2 


9 


11 


17 


29 ... . 


3 


10 


12 

13 


18 


30 


4 


11... 


19 


. . . Dec . 1 


5 


12 


14 

15 


10 

21 . 


2 


...... 6 


13 


3. .. . 

4. . . . 


. 7 


14 


16 


22 


8 


15 


17 


23 


5. .. . 


9 


16 


IS 


24 


6 


1.0 


17 


i9 


25 


1 .... 


n 


18 


20 


20 


&.... 


12 


19 


21 


27 


9. . . . 


13 


20 


22... 


28 


10... . 


14 


21 


23 

24 


29 


11. ... 


15 


22 


30 


1/ 


16 


23 


25 


31 


13... 


17 


24 


20 


. . June 1 


14. .. . 


IS 


25 


27 


2 

3 


...... .15. .. . 

16. .. . 


. . .19 


26 


28 


20 


27 


29 


4 


17... . 


24 


28 


30 


5 


18. . . . 


...22 


29 


31 


(i 


HI . .. 


23 


30 


.Aug. 1 


7 


20. .. . 


24 


31 


2 


8 


21. . . . 


25 



SEPT. MARE COW SOW EWE 





Aug. 


June 


Dec. 


Jan. 


1 


3 


9 


22. . 


26 


2. ... 


4 


10 


23 . . 


27 


3. ... 


•).... 


11. ... 


24 . . 


28 


4. . . . 


6 




25 . . 


29 


•).... 


7. ... 


..13... 


2(1. . 


30 


6. . . 


8 


.11. . . . 

15. . . . 


27 


31 

Feb. 1 


7. ... 


9 


28 


8. ... 


10 




29 . . . 


2 


9. . . . 


11 


.17. . . . 


30. . . 


3 


10. . . . 


12 


IS 


31... 


4 


11..:. 


13 


..19.... 


...Jan. 1... 


5 


12. . . . 


: 15. . . 


20 


2. . . 


6 


13 


15. . . 


21 


7 


14. . .. 


16 


22.... 


4. . . 


8 


15. ... 


17. . . 


23 ... . 


5... 


9 


16. ... 


18 


24 


6 . . . 


10 


17. . .. 


19 


25 




11 


IS.... 


20 


26.... 


8... 


12 


19... 


21. . . 


27. . . . 






20. ... 


22 


28 


10. . . 


14 


21.... 


23". ... . 


29. ... 


11. . . 


15 


22 


24 


30 ... . 


12. .. 


16 


23. ... 


25 . . . 


. . July 1. ... 


13. .. 


17 


24. ... 


26 


2 


14. . . 


18 


25 


27 


3.... 


15. . . 

16... 


19 

20 


2(1. ... 


28 


27. . .. 






17 


21 


28. . .. 


30 




IS. . . 


22 


29 .... 






19. . . 

20 . . . 


23 

24 


30 


. ..Sept. 1 


8. . . . 


OCT. 


MARE 


COW 


SOW 


EWE 




Sept. 


July 


Jan. 


Feb. 


1 




<). . . 


21. . . 


25 


2 


3 


10 


22 . . . 


26 


3. . .. 


4 


11 


23 . . . 


27 


4 


•"> 


12 


24 . . . 


28 


5. . . . 


6 


13 


25. .. 


. . Mar. 1 


6 


1 ... 


14 


26... 


2 


7. . . . 


8 

9 


15 

16 


27 . . . 


3 


8 


28... 


4 


9. . . . 


10. . . 


17 


29 . . . 




10 


11. . . 


18 


30... 


6 


11. . . 


12 


19 


31. . . 


7 


12 


13 


20 


...Feb. 1... 


8 


13 


14 


21 


2 


9 


14. . . 


15 


22 


3. . . 


10 


15 


16 


23 


4. . . 


11 


16 








12 


17 


18 


25 


6. .. 


13 


18 


19 


26 


7 ... 


14 


19 


20 


27 


8. . . 


15 


20 




28 


9... 


16 


21 


22. . . 


29 


10. . 


17 


22 


23 


30 


11. . . 


18 


23 


24 


31 


12. . . 


19 


24 








20 


25 


26 


2 


14. . . 


21- 


26 






15. . . 


22 


27 


28 


4 


16. . . 


23 


28 






17. .. 


24 


29. . . 


30 


6 


18. . . 


25 


30 


..Oct. 1 


7 


19 


26 


31 


2 


8 


20 ... . 


27 



NOV. 


MARE 


COW 


SOW 


EWE 




Oct. 


Aug. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


1 


3 


9 


21. . . 


28 


2 


4 


10. . . . 


22. . . 


29 


3 




11 


23. . . 

24 . . . 


30 


4 


6 


12 


31 


5 


. . 7 


13 

14 


25. . . 

26. .. 


. . April 1 


6 


8 


2 


7 

8 


9 


15 


27. . . 


3 


10 


16 


28. . . 


4 


9 






. . .Mar. 1. . . 


5 


10 


12 


18. .. . 


2. . . 


6 


11 


13 


19. . . . 


3. .. 


7 


12 


14 


20. . . . 


4. . . 


8 






21 




9 


14 


16 


22. . . . 


6... 


10 


15 


17 


23 


7 ... 


11 


16 


18 


24 ... . 


8. .. 


12 


17 


19 


25.... 




13 


18 


20 


26 . 


10... 


14 


in 


21 


27... . 


11. . . 


15 


20 


22 


28.... 


12 . . 


...... .16 


21 


23 


29.... 


13 . . . 


17 


22 


24 


30. . . . 


14. . . 


18 


23 


25 


31 .... 


15... 


19 


24 


26 


..Sept. 1 


16.. . 


20 


2.") 


27 


9 


17. . . 


21 


26 


28 


3 . . . . 


18... 


22 


27 


29 


4. . . . 


19. . . 


23 


28 


30 


.).... 


20... 


24 


29 






21. .. 


.25 


30 


. . Nov. 1 


7. . . . 


22 . . . 


26 


DEC. 


MARE 


COW 


SOW 


EWE 




Nov. 


Sept. 


Mar. 


April 


1 


2 


8 . . 


23 . . . 


27 


2 


3 


9 . . . . 


24 . . . 


2S 


3 


4 


10. . . . 


25 


29 


4 








30 


5 


6 


12 


27 


. . .May 1 


6 


7 


13 


28. .. 


2 


7 


8 


14 


29. . . 


3 


8 


9 


15.... 


30... 


4 


9 


10 


16.... 


31... 


5 


10 


11 


17. . . 


. . . April 1 . . . 


6 


n 


12 


18.... 


2. . . 


7 


12 


13.... 


19. . . . 


3. . . 


8 


13. . . . 


14. . . . 


. 21 1 


4. . . 


9 


14 


15.... 


21. ... 


.... 5 . . . 


10 


15. ... 


16. . . . 


22 ... . 


6. . . 


11 


16. . 








12 


17. ... 


18 


24. . . . 


8. . . 


13 


is . 


19.... 


25 ... . 


9. . . 


14 


19 


20. .. . 


26.... 


10. . . 


15 


20 


21. . . . 


27 . . 


11. . . 


16 


21 


22 


28 ... . 


12. .. 


17 


22. . . . 


23 ... . 


29.... 


13... 


18 


23. .. . 

24 


24 


30 


14 


. . .19 


25 


. . . .Oct. 1. . . . 


15.. . 


20 


25 


26 ... . 


2 


16. . . 


21 


26. . . . 


27.... 


3 . . . . 


17. .. 


22 


27. ... 


28. .. . 


4 


18... 


23 


28. ... 


29. . . . 


•>. . . 


19. . . 


24 


29 ... . 


30. . . . 


6.... 


20. . . 


25 


30 


. . . Dec. 1 


7 


21.. . 


26 


31 


2 


8 . . 


.22. 


27 



183 



Red Corpuscles per Cubic Millimeter of Blood. 



Horse 


7,431,200 (average from 10 investigators} 


Colt 


9,390,000 (Storch) 


Cow 


6,022,700 (average from 7 investigators) 


Calves 


8,523,000 (Storch) 


Sheep 


10,439,000 (average from 5 investigators) 


Lambs 


11,032,000 (Storch) 


Goat 


14,507,000 (average from 6 investigators) 


Swine 


7,437,640 (average from 5 investigators) 


Dog 


6,240,625 (average from 16 investigators) 


Cat 


7,828,000 (average from 4 investigators) 


Rabbit 


5,688,320 (average from 10 investigators) 


Guinea Pig 


4,983,250 (average from 6 investigators) 


Fowl 


3,064,500 (average from 9 investigators) 


Leucocytes per Cubic Millimeter of Blood. 


Horse 


9,473 (average from 11 investigators) 


Colts 


14,034 (Storch) 


Cow 


8,133 (average from 5 investigators) 


Calves 


15,739 (Storch) 


Sheep 


7,140 (average from 4 investigators) 


Lambs 


10,198 (Storch) 


Goat 


9,750 (average from 3 investigators) 


Swine 


13,420 (average from 2 investigators) 


Dog 


11,370 (average from 15 investigators) 


Cat 


12,410 (average from 5 investigators) 


Rabbit 


9,161 (average from 12 investigators) 


Guinea Pig 


9,145 (average from 5 investigators) 


Fowl 


26,723 (average from 7 investigators) 



184 



Size of Red Corpuscles. 



Horse 




5.60/* (average from 5 invest.iagtors) 


Cow 




5.85/* (average from 4 investi 


Lgators) 


Sheep 




4.90/* (average from 4 investigators) 


Goat 




3.96/* (average from 5 investigators) 


Swine 




6.19/x (average from 3 investigators) 


Dog 




7.20/* (average from 6 investigators) 


Cat 




6.03/* (average from 5 investigators) 


Rabbit 




6.80/* (average from 5 investigators) 


Guinea Pig 


7.52/* (average from 4 


investigators) 


Fowl 


12.62/* lo, 7.25/* wide (a- 


^erage from 7 investigators) 






Composition 


of Milk. 








Water 


Solids Proteid 


Fat SugaT 


Salts 


Sp. Or. 




% 


% % 


% % 


% 




Woman 


87.58 


12.42 2.01 


3.74 6.37 


0.30 


1.029S 


Cow 


87.27 


12.73 3.39 


3.68 4.94 


0.72 


1.0313 


Mare 


90.26 


9.74 1.86 


1.06 6.50 


0.32 


1.0348 


Ass 


90.12 


9.88 1.85 


1.37 6.19 


0.47 


1.033 


vSheep 


83.57 


16.43 5.15 


6.18 4.17 


0.93 


1.0355 


Goat 


86.88 


13.12 3.76 


4.07 4.44 


0.85 


1.0329 


Swine 


82.37 


16.73 6.09 


6.44 4.04 


1.06 




Bitch 


77.00 


23.00 9.72 


9.26 3.11 


0.91 




Cat 


81.63 


18.37 9.08 


3.33 4.91 


0.58 




Rabbit 


69.50 


30.50 15.54 


10.45 1.95 


2.56 





(Ellenberger and Scheunert.) 



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PAGES FOR 
SELECTED PRESCRIPTIONS 



PAGES FOR 
SELECTED PRESCRIPTIONS 



PAGES FOR 
SELECTED PRESCRIPTIONS 



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